Is Cancer A Genetic Disease - 2353 Words

Introduction Cancer is one of the oldest genetic diseases known to man. Since the evolution of mitosis as a means for cell division and the development of multicellular eukaryotes - like humans and their biological progenitors - mutations in normal cell maturation and proliferation have resulted in various types of cancers, some benign but many of which exhibit great malignancy (Hajdu, 2011). Cancer, and one of its more common forms carcinoma, is characterized as a genetic disease where by mutations - often caused by environmental stressors such as chemical or radiation exposure - in the development of epithelial cells lead to abnormal growth, either in terms of size or abundance. This abnormal uncontrolled growth is known as neoplasia (Rock Hogan, 2011). Carcinoma cells can develop by other methods however, anaplasia for example is the process by which normally mature differentiated cells begin to lose their form and resemble immature cells lacking proper function, becoming irrespo nsive to normal stimuli (Scatena, 2011). Dysplasia is similar in that it consists of a proliferation of immature often undifferentiated cells, eventually outnumbering the number of mature cells as they re removed by the process of apoptosis - programmed cell death (Wang, 2010). Eventually the neoplasm, or anaplastic cells, can replace normal tissue; as apoptosis of cancer cells is non-functioning, the development of a large tumour can inhibit the functionality of healthy organs and theirShow MoreRelatedWhy Is Cancer A Genetic Disease?1765 Words   |  8 PagesBackground: Mrs. Jones has recently been diagnosed with stomach cancer. She has begun treatment but is curious about why cancer is a genetic disease. She has tried to understand what the doctors are saying and has even done some research herself but remains confused. Below is the conversation. Nurse: Good afternoon Mrs. Jones. I know earlier you were hoping to sit down and discuss why cancer is a genetic disease. I have some time now if you would like to discuss it? Mrs. Jones- Why yes that wouldRead MoreRole Of Cancer As A Genetic Disease2893 Words   |  12 PagesCase Study: BIOT 635 Prahelika Reddy ROLE OF ONCOGENES IN CANCER RESEARCH 1. Introduction The idea that development of cancer as a genetic disease was first postulated by Cavenee et al and developed by Fearon and Vogelstein. According to COSMIC (Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer) database, the current list of known somatic genetic mutations leading to cancer is 522. Genes which undergo mutations leading to cancer can be classified into two groups - Proto-Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor genesRead MoreLung Cancer : A Genetic And Acquired Disease2073 Words   |  9 PagesLung cancer is a genetic and acquired disease. Lung cancer is genetic because cancer in general is caused by changes to the genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide. All of these changes include mutations in the DNA that makes up our genes. Genetic changes that increase cancer risk can be inherited from our parents, if the changes are presents in germ cells. Which are the reproductive cells of the body, those are the eggs and the sperm. Lung cancer is alsoRead MoreBreast Cancer : A Complex And Heterogeneous Disease Caused By Genetic Mutations782 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease caused by both genetic and non-genetic risk factors. These factors include, mutations in breast cancer-associated genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) [1]; loss or aberrant expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) [2]; human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) overexpression [3] ; lack of ER, progesterone receptor (PR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression[4] ; high levels of receptor for the insulin-like growth factor receptorRead MoreEssay On Being Cautious About Cancer758 Words   |  4 PagesCautious About Cancer An informative article by: Nelson Burke Introduction Disease is defined as a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental factors; illness; sickness; ailment. Simplified, disease is when something goes wrong with the body of an organism due to either a genetic, or externalRead More72 New Gene Mutation Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pages72 New Genetic Mutations Linked to Hereditary Breast Cancer According to the National Cancer Institute, invasive breast cancer affects approximately 1 in 8 U.S. women, and about 5% to 10% of all breast cancers are hereditary. At present, most people are familiar with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, which are inherited gene mutations—or abnormalities in the DNA sequencing—that increase the risk of developing breast cancer. According to statistics from the National Cancer Institute, by age 70Read MoreGenetic Markers : A Genetic Marker1641 Words   |  7 Pagesunattainable without genetic markers. In everyone there are certain markers that can allow a geneticist to determine a person’s medical future, certain medicines work with some genetic markers and not with others. Many genes are linked to certain diseases and allow a geneticist to possibly prevent diseases. A genetic marker is a DNA sequence with a known specific location on the chromosome, they can be a great indicator for genetic disorders and any other hereditary diseases. Genetic markers are alsoRead MoreThe Genetic Disorder of Down Syndrome1238 Words   |  5 Pagescase of genetic disorder. There are so many all over in the world and many doctors still don’t even know what to call them. Some don’t even know they have a disease in them till its too late, or other know all there lives and some learn to live with the diseas e and others live every day in fear of getting even more sick and hurt. Genetic disorders are very common some more than others. Its all has to do with our 46 chromosomes. Genetic disorders can occur to anyone. Many people believe genetic disordersRead MoreUnit Title: Biochemistry Of Nucleic Acids.(A.C. 5.1 And1583 Words   |  7 Pagescalled histone (American cancer society 2014). According to Cancer Research UK (2014) DNA by itself is made up of thousands of genes, which are a coded message that tell the cell how to behave and divide. As such if the signals are missing, cells replicate excessively and mutate, forming a tumour, and later, a primary cancer (American cancer society 2014). Figure 1.1. Mutation of the DNA leads to severe diseases such as cancer. (Midhath 2012) Read MoreMerrill Syndrome : Lynch Syndrome1358 Words   |  6 Pages Lynch Syndrome Lynch Syndrome In 2015, 132,700 people will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) and 49,700 people will die from the disease (ACS, 2015). According to the CDC, 1 in 30 cases of colorectal cancer can be attributed to Lynch syndrome (CDC, 2015). Using figures from 2015, that would be 3,981 new colorectal diagnoses related to Lynch syndrome. Livstone (2014) states, â€Å"Patients with one of several known mutations have a 70 to 80% lifetime risk of developing

A Historical View of Egyptian’s Mathematics System

Moua 1 Vee Moua Math 101-Term Paper Dr. Olimb A Historical View of Egyptian’s Mathematics System In historic times; math was well known for helping Egyptian people keep track of their property, money, taxes, livestock, land and sometimes people. Math did indeed help the Egyptian community and their king by building pyramids, tombs, art crafts, and using math to solve the flood on Nile Valley. Egypt was striving for a new era to come along with their mathematical achievement. As history has it, Egypt was the land of lands and great art with their high pyramids. During the year 3000 BC when two nations decides to come in one nation so that the nation of Egypt can be under one king. Since Egypt has become under one nation; the land and it’s’†¦show more content†¦As Egypt grows into a great land of arts and crafts so did their knowledge of math grew as they find ways to count, solve problems, and every day use of math. Ever since then Egyptians quickly develop their own use of math skills and numbers to use. Meanwhile Egypt already has their own writing system, they quickly convert into the numeral system which is called Egyptian Numerals (O΄Connor and Robertson, 2000). Egyptians were very careful because mathematics required them to deal the form of fractions. â€Å"In ancient Egypt mathematics was used for measuring time, straight lines, the level of the Nile floodings, calculating areas of land, counting money, working out taxe s and cooking. Math was even used in mythology - the Egyptians figured out the numbers of days in the year with their calendar† (Seawright, 2013). It is true that Nile Valley flooded yearly. As Stevenson, 2000 wrote Nile is the longest river and flows from three branches: â€Å"The Blue Nile, the White Nile and the Atbara. They join far south of Egypt to become a single river a mile wide† (Stevenson, 2000). The Egypt king want to learn when the flood will start, therefore; he order to find someone who works with geography and use their knowledge of math to help solve or get close to when the Nile river will flood. The king hopes that if he could get close to the dates and time of theShow MoreRelatedAncient Egyptian Life2317 Words   |  10 Pagesfor â€Å"religion†. The gods were tied to all activities in daily life, and no Egyptian citizen believed that the gods were fallible. While there generally were slight differences with how the gods interacted with the w orld, most citizens had the same views. There were the chief deities, Horus and Amon-Re, and then there were gods of specific aspects of life. An important god is Osiris, god of the afterlife. The afterlife was an essential part of the Egyptian society, and embalming a dead body was a

Animal Farm †Literary Essay Free Essays

Is it not everyone’s dream to live in a world where each person  is equal? Karl Marx came up with a  solution  to the problem of inequality and called it communism. The idea of  communism  looks like a good  plan  on paper but it could never work in real life because of ones’ large desire  for power. George Orwell uses his novel  Animal Farm  to show how one’s greed can lead a great plan to fail, regardless of the situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Farm – Literary Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now He does this by showing how one loses focus of the original idea because they crave power, how one then goes against the original idea, and finally how one turns the original idea into something it was never supposed to be. In the beginning of the  book, Old Major tells the animals his dream of freedom for all animals. Then, Old Major dies, leaving behind his wisdom and his vision for all animals. Throughout the book the other animals carry out his dream and they name it Animalism. They even come up with rules, known as the seven commandments. â€Å"THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal,† (page – chapter 2). The animals then  paint  these commandments on the wall and live by them every day. Even though these are great rules the pigs start to lose focus and start to battle for power. After Old Major dies and the plans for Animalism start to take off both Napoleon and Snowball fight for power over the farm. Two people cannot share power, because power cannot be shared. It is greed that pushes one leader to gain all of the power. In the book Animal Farm Snowball and Napoleon are battling for power. Orwell writes, â€Å"At last the day came when Snowball’s plans were completed. At the Meeting on the following Sunday the question of whether or not to begin work on the windmill was to be put to the vote. When the animals had assembled in the big barn, Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it, and promptly sat down again; he had spoken for barely thirty seconds, and seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced, (Chapter 5 paragraph 3). † Napoleon seems to strive for power more than Snowball does and he will take any chance he has to take Snowball down, which completely defeats Old Major’s vision of Animalism and its purpose of equality. Power was not a part of Old major’s vision. While Snowball is very intelligent and seems to want the best for Animal Farm Napoleon is just power-hungry. It is clear that Napoleon is jealous of Snowball, so he begins to plan how to get rid of him. To do this, Napoleon uses the dogs to chase Snowball off the farm. When they return to him it’s as if they have no regret. â€Å"It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. Jones,† (5. 15). Napoleon has a taste for power, and now that he has it he is only going to want more. After Snowball is gone, Napoleon has complete control of the farm, which is not a good thing. He rarely speaks for himself because he has Squealer to do it for him. Napoleon gets rid of the meetings, which also gets rid of opportunity for the other animals to speak. He also gives himself all of the luxuries. â€Å"In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near,†Ã‚  (7. ) Napoleon is now the most important animal on the farm, and even re-writes history to make himself seem even better. Napoleon was not the only one to re-write history though, although, he was the one that demanded the others to make false confessions just so they could be killed. â€Å"And so the tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses l ying before Napoleon’s feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the time of Jones,†Ã‚  (7. 6). Napoleon wanted to prove his power to the other animals and he would stop at nothing to do so. One could say that Napoleon became worse than Mr. Jones, the original farm owner, ever was. A plan that started out to make the farm a communist place turns out to be ruled by a dictator, again. George Orwell used the book Animal Farm to write about how Karl Marx’s idea of communism and how easily it can fail because one loses focus of the original idea. How to cite Animal Farm – Literary Essay, Essays

Nursing for Ethical and Legal Practice- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNursing for Ethical and Legal Practice. Answer: Critical thinking is a significant element of nursing practice and relates to the intellectual and disciplined process of application of skilful reasoning for a planned action. In nursing, the process of thinking is the ability of the individual to think in a logical manner and systematic process that ensure better care delivery and better patient outcomes (Kim Lee, 2016). The present paper explains the accountability and responsibility of the registered nurse in relation to ethical and legal practice critical thinking within the Australian nursing scenario. Further, it analyses the accountabilities and responsibilities realted to the nursing students. As opined by Choi et al., (2014) nursing practitioners are to become critical thinkers and value intellectual ability to think in a logical manner. Nurses who are critical thinkers strive to maintain clarity, preciseness, accuracy and fairness while listening, speaking and writing. The thinking is thereby broad and deep. As highlighted by Morton et al., (2017) critical thinking is a holistic approach and aims to maximise the output of the nurses. It involves analysing a certain issue or problem by considering multidimensional approaches and coming up with novice ideas and resolutions. According to Kim and Lee (2016) nurses are accountable and responsible for delivering high quality care services. The underlying aim is achieving desirable patient outcomes. Nurses are to deliver comprehensive care that takes into consideration all aspects of patients mental and physical wellbeing, cultural background, social status, religious beliefs, family structures, and personal beliefs. For addressing all these concerns while coming up with a care plan a nurse is to apply critical thinking. For delivering safe care, critical thinking skills are very important. Since nurses are accountable for any deterioration and decline in patients condition while and after administering care interventions, critical thinking helps in undertaking an active mental process that augments a subtle perception. This, in turn, helps in proper analysis, synthesis and evaluation of patient information collected and derived after a rigorous assessment. Reflecting on previous observations and experiences a nurse can come up with proper reasoning and make a suitable decision regarding patient care. In addition, nurses are to communicate in an effective manner with other care professionals since the responsibility is to provide collaborative care. Critical thinking promotes communication as the nurse can put forward logic and meaningful concepts on the basis of the critical thinking (Kozier et al., 2013). The Code of Ethics for Australian nurses outlines the ethical standards that nurses need to follow in course of their professional practice (Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia, 2008). As per the value statement 1 mentioned in the guidelines, a nurse is to value quality nursing care for all patients. According to value statement 5, nurses must engage in informed decision making. In addition, as per the value statement 8, nurses must promote health and wellbeing of the patient through a socially, ecologically and economically sustainable environment. The Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia outlines the legal standards that nurses are to follow in the course of their professional practice (Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia). As the conduct statement 1, nurses are to practice in a safe and competent manner. As the conduct statement 7, nurses are to support informed decision making for promoting the wellbeing and health of patients. For adhering to all these ethical and legal guidelines, nurses must exhibit critical thinking skills. It is ethical and appropriate to come up with suggestions that address all the concerns of the patients and do what is best for them. Critical thinking ensures that intuitions are left behind, and opinions are given based on strong rationale. As a future nurse, nursing students are responsible for acquiring and developing critical analysis skills (Kong et al., 2014). The nursing course provides immense opportunities to develop this skills and students must master the multitude of learning materials that are provided. In nursing education reference to critical thinking is common due to the significance it holds in daily practice. The primary critical thinking skills nurse students exercise are recognition of conditions, critical analysis, introductory and concluding justification, discriminate of facts and opinions, assessment of the credibility of information sources and illumination of concepts (Levett-Jones Bourgeois, 2013). Students, for learning and applying critical thinking, must engage in developing independent thoughts, fairness, justice, perspicacity in social level, spiritual courage, humility, self-confidence, integrity, perseverance and interest for undertaking research. By demonstrating these skills, a nursi ng student can become an important part of the future nursing cohort. Nursing education program focuses on building on these aspects in nurses for promoting critical thinking skills (Choi et al., 2014). Coming to the end of the paper it can be concluded that critical thinking in nursing is the process of identification of an issue, determination of the best solutions for it and selection of the best method to implement it. Critical thinking skills are to be acquired while studying nursing course wherein nursing students get opportunities to put their valuable thoughts into action. Nursing students must consider developing their skills and abilities before commencing on their professional practice. This is imperative for adhering to the legal and ethical standards of nursing practice as outlined by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. Lastly, critical thinking skills enable a nurse to translate any idea or thought in a logical, accurate and clear manner. This ability is important for professional development at all levels. References Choi, E., Lindquist, R., Song, Y. (2014). Effects of problem-based learning vs. traditional lecture on Korean nursing students' critical thinking, problem-solving, and self-directed learning.Nurse education today,34(1), 52-56. Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia. (2008). Nursing and Midwifery Board Australia. Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia. (2008). Nursing and Midwifery Board Australia. Kim, K. Y., Lee, E. (2016). The relationship among critical thinking disposition, nursing process competency and evidence-based practice competency in nurses working in hospitals.Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society,27(2), 451-461. Kong, L. N., Qin, B., Zhou, Y. Q., Mou, S. Y., Gao, H. M. (2014). The effectiveness of problem-based learning on development of nursing students critical thinking: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of nursing studies,51(3), 458-469. Kozier, B. J., Glenora Erb BScN, R. N., Berman, A. T., Snyder, S., Madeleine Buck, R. N., Lucia Yiu, R. N. (2013).Fundamentals of Canadian nursing: Concepts, process, and practice. Pearson Education Canada. Levett-Jones, T., Bourgeois, S. (2015).The Clinical Placement-E-Book: An Essential Guide for Nursing Students. Elsevier Health Sciences. Morton, P. G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C. M., Gallo, B. M. (2017).Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins.