Oedipus Rex as Social Commentary Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Oedipus Rex as Social Commentary   Oedipus Rex, written by the Poet Sophocles in the Golden Age of classic Theatre, was described by Aristotle to be the greatest tragedy of all time. It encapsulates the very essence of the Greek cultural milieu, and it is these ideologies which are translated into the play. The very essence of Greek society the political democracy, a object lesson belief in the power of the Gods and social recognition of hierarchy, are portrayed when the society is pictured in a state of chaos.   The Ancient Greeks formulated what they believed to be a true democracy. Everyone was to have a say in the political scene, every man had a vote and no one should be disadvantaged. At the same time, however, the society was very much a patriarchal one. Power resided with the male the leader, the logical and strong enforcer. Women, viewed as emotionally erratic, illogical and weak, were marginalised. Men were wedded the most noble of duties surrounding the glory of war women were faced with trying to raise a household.   This conflict is clearly portrayed in the text. In the interruption scene all are equal. Servants, peasants and royals alike proclaim, We are your suppliants. All have an equal interest in the state of Thebes and the actions Oedipus must take. After this, however, the females of Thebes are correspond in the characterization of Jocasta. It is here that the chorus, the most important element of Greek tragedy, comes to the fore. As the Theban elders they portray the views of the greater society. Jocastas actions characterize her as the stereotypical female. By ordering the death of her son, blaspheming the Gods and eventually killing herself, she shows the essential perceived frailty of w... ...ssenger must talk to Oedipus through Jocasta. Eventually, Oedipus shows his respect that that this order exists by imploring him to tell me yourself   A play represents society. By upsetting the societal order, the basic fundam entals of the societal group can be examined. In the case of Oedipus Rex, Sophocles portrays the basics of the Ancient Greek culture, the culture which existed in his time. He exposes a patriarchal society, one attempting to come to grips with democracy while at the mercy of the Gods. The social hierarchy is respect besides forced to crumble, while the Gods rule it absolutely. All of this is exposed through the underlying conventions, mainly the chorus, dramatic action, dialogue, characterization and methods of social construction. It forms an in-depth exposition of the group and its formation of the beliefs and values.    

The Red Room and The Judges House - Typical Nineteenth Century Ghost

The Red Room and The Judges House - Typical Nineteenth Century Ghost Stories?Nineteenth century ghost stories atomic number 18 typical of the gothic genre. Theyare referred to as stereotypical, because in the period they werewritten in, it was the practice to include several distinctive constituents which are now exclusively associated with this genre. TheRed Room by H. G. Wells (1894) and The Judges House by Bram Stoker(1891) will be discussed in this essay to assess them as distinctiveexamples of ghost stories.There are various elements which are distinctive of characteristics ofa nineteenth century ghost falsehood. The criteria used to determine TheRed Room and The Judges House are of nineteenth century ghoststories in this essay are, firstly, the setting. This is thebackground scenery to the story and is, typically of this genre, anisolated dress or house. The second element is the inclusion ofcharacters with a variable state of mind throughout the story. Thiscould be a terr ify consuming fear or the complete loss of reasonleading to insanity. The incorporation of characters which believe anddo not believe in the supernatural is the third element. This allows awider range of people to read the story and associate with thecharacters. The fourth criterion is an ancient prophecy or a historyof disturbances surrounding the place where the story is set. Thefifth element is light. Ghost stories make use of shadows, darkness,night-time, and the diffusive light of a nookiedle to help developtension and suspense. The final element is imagery used by authors.The images created tend to be appealing to the five human senses oftouch, sight, taste, smell and hearing. I will compare The Red Roomand The Judges House base... ...t and inflamed, plus,red eyes. This gives the sense of you creation watched. The referencesto, monstrous shadow, grotesque custodians, and, the humanqualities seem to drop from old people insensibly day by day, showsthat they arent like normal human beings and are out of this world.The Judges House is a double-dyed(a) example of the three types ofcharacters. Malcolmson obviously being the non-believer, Mrs Witham,Mrs Dempster and Dr. Thornhill are the believers. While the Judgesspirit is the supernatural. Malcolmson is also a rational person likethe narrator of The Red Room. He believes in knowledge not fictionalstories. A man who is reading for the Mathematical Tripos, and,disturbed by any of these mysterious somethings. It doesnt havemany references to Malcolmson attitude to the Judges house. But fromthis quote, we can see he is not afraid.

Legal Progression of Marriage in America :: Essays Papers

Legal Progression of Marriage in AmericaAs the British colonies in North America took root, a great part of the economic growth in colonial society was predicated on the labor of imported African slaves. As the number of slaves increased significantly, especially in the southern colonies, a corpse of separation of the races was established. Since the beginning of the White and Black coexistence in America, Whites have inhibit the rights of Blacks in order to emphasize their racial superiority and to prohibit mixing between the races. In order to maintain their racial purity, Whites established laws making felonious the marriage of Blacks and Whites. Although anti-miscegenation laws were present in early colonial societies, the legacies have continued in the contemporary period. For example, Alabama amended its constitution in 2000 to acknowledge miscellaneous marriages as valid and legal. For over 300 years, anti-miscegenation laws have remained gen timelly the same, outlawing ma rriages between people of different races. Overtime, however, definitions of who is Black have drastically changed, reflecting the status of Blacks in society. Anti-miscegenation laws during the era of slavery defined Blacks as having at least one Black grandparent, or one quarter Black blood. Later, these same laws during the Great Migration of the 20th century, evolved to define Blacks by the One Drop Rule, a rule stating that one was Black if he or she had at least one Black ancestor. These laws, as represented in this paper and based on the policies of the colony and state of Virginia, were used to maintain a separation of races and, thus, to preserve the purity of Whites and to guarantee their system of White supremacy.Sent by King James I, The Virginia Company established the first colony in America in 1607 appropriately named Jamestown (History of Jamestown 1). It is generally real that the first Blacks were imported to America in 1619, only twelve years after the colony wa s established. At this point, no specific laws prohibited interracial relations, notwithstanding societal taboos and religious doctrines were enough to separate Whites and Blacks from sexual contact. Such beliefs were noted in the proceedings between the governor and his council within the colony In 1630, a man named Hugh Davis, accused of being sexual involved with a Black, was to be soundly whipped before an assembly of Negroes and others for abusing himself to the dishonor of God and the shame of Christians by defiling his clay and lying with a Negro (Hall 602).

Shakespeares Othello - The Character of Iago Essay -- Othello essays

The Character of Iago In Othello, by William Shakespeare, one of the most intriguing characters is Iago. At first glance he seems to be pure evil, but I think his actions are much more complex. Through thought-out words and actions Iago is able to manipulate others to do things that benefit him and move him ambient to his goals. This character is consumed with envy and deceit that leads to theft and killing. Iago is the main driving force in this play, pushing Othello and the other characters towards their tragic endings. Iago is not your ordinary villain. He is promising and an expert judge of peoples character and uses this to his advantage. For example, he knows Roderigo is in love with Desdemona and figures Roderigo would do anything to have her as his own. Iago states, Thus do I ever make my imbibe my purse. By playing on his hopes Iago is able to swindle money and jewels from Roderigo, making a substantial profit and making him a pawn in his plan. Iago is si milarly quick on his feet and able to improvise when the unexpected occurs. Being of smart mind, Iago is quick to recognize the advantages of trust, thus using it as a tool in forwarding his goals. Throughout the play he is often referred to and known as honest Iago. He even states, I am an honest man... Trust is a powerful emotion that can easily be ill-treat. As seen with Othello who, holds (him) well/The better shall (Iagos) purpose work on him. Iagos use of his trust is greatly abused and beneficial only to him. His medcine works Thus credulous fools are caught... Iago slowly poisons peoples thoughts, implanting ideas in their heads without implication to himself. Iago, a masterful deceiver, says, And whats he t... ...to be a soul of exceeding honesty, (who) knows all qualities, with learned spirit of human dealings. Iago does know all about human dealings, but he is far from honest. He uses the trust Othello puts into their knowledge to turn him into a jealous man. Iago told Othello that his wife was cheating on him thus Othello thought he was killing for justice. He even said he love not wisely but too well. When the opportunity occurred Iago was lurking, waiting for the chance to take advantage of Othello. Iago succeeded in destroying all he sought out. Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A.C. Shakespearian Tragedy. New York Penguin Books, 1991. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stanley Wells & Gary Taylor. New York/London, W.W. Norton Company,1997. 2100-2174

The Popularity of A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Essay -- Charle

The Popularity of A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens I Think that A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens is unchanging fashionable today because it has a good moral explanation and people still enjoy a good old fashioned ghost story. This is because a lot of us are still interested in the afterlife and if such things as ghosts even exist we are fascinated by them and a novel with ghosts in, we cannot put it down. The moral story which seems even in modern day society to stick with us and we are still very ofttimes obsessed with Christmas and the joy that goes with it. Also people who remove this book see there is a slight humorous side to the text which seems to make us more interested in the book itself and people like to feel amused, it makes them feel happy. As well as cleverly written text and an ablaze side to the story. All of this ensures the survival of the classic story. The theme of the book is all about Christmas, which appeals to us even in todays busy world. People like to read about Christmas because it is a happy time of year and brings joy to lots of people. Also Christmas past brings back memories Such as, the festive joy, the feel of Christmas and the love amidst family and friends. There are three views on Christmas in the book, Scrooges Bob Cratchitts and Fezziwig. Scrooge cant stand Christmas he thinks it a time of depression and deep gloom e.g. What responsibility have you to be merry? What reason have you to be merry? This shows scrooge to be a grumpy old and generally depressing somebody at Christmas time. Bob Cratchitts view on the festive time of year is a happy merry and good will to everyone. And finally Fezziwig who ... ...ke the reader think, prank or cry. Dickens has done this to produce a book that will live on forever. In my position the main reason for A Christmas Carol been so popular in modern day society is the moral subject. The message that makes you sto p and think after you have read the book. The message was well in my opinion Things can only get better. For instance at the beginning of the story Scrooge was a crusty old man and at the end of the story he saw the light at the end of the tunnel. He made it out of that dark tunnel and shared his Christmas good will with everyone. This moral message will live on forever like the book, read time and time again.Works CitedDickens, Charles. A Christmas Carol. Classics of Childrens Literature. Ed. John W. Griffith and Charles Frey. 3rd ed. New York Macmillan, 1992. 197-249.

The Popularity of A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Essay -- Charle

The Popularity of A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens I Think that A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens is liquid popular today because it has a darling moral explanation and flock still enjoy a good old fashioned ghost story. This is because a lot of us are still interested in the afterlife and if such things as ghosts even exist we are fascinated by them and a novel with ghosts in, we cannot put it down. The moral story which seems even in modern day fraternity to stick with us and we are still very much obsessed with Christmas and the joy that goes with it. Also people who read this arrest see there is a slight humorous side to the text which seems to make us more interested in the book itself and people like to feel amused, it makes them feel happy. As well as cleverly written text and an emotional side to the story. All of this ensures the survival of the chaste story. The theme of the book is all about Christmas, which appeals to us even in todays busy world. People like to read about Christmas because it is a happy cartridge holder of year and brings joy to lots of people. Also Christmas past brings back memories Such as, the festive joy, the feel of Christmas and the love between family and friends. There are three views on Christmas in the book, Scrooges Bob Cratchitts and Fezziwig. Scrooge cant stand Christmas he thinks it a time of depression and deep gloom e.g. What right have you to be merry? What modestness have you to be merry? This shows scrooge to be a grumpy old and generally depressing person at Christmas time. Bob Cratchitts view on the festive time of year is a happy merry and good will to everyone. And finally Fezziwig who ... ...ke the reader think, laugh or cry. Dickens has done this to find a book that will live on eer. In my opinion the main reason for A Christmas Carol been so popular in modern day society is the moral message. The message that makes you stop and t hink after you have read the book. The message was well in my opinion Things can only get better. For font at the beginning of the story Scrooge was a crusty old man and at the end of the story he saw the light at the end of the tunnel. He made it out of that dark tunnel and shared his Christmas good will with everyone. This moral message will live on forever like the book, read time and time again.Works CitedDickens, Charles. A Christmas Carol. Classics of Childrens Literature. Ed. John W. Griffith and Charles Frey. 3rd ed. New York Macmillan, 1992. 197-249.

Method For Characterisation Of Laser Beams Engineering Essay

Particularly in the plain stitch of opthalmic maser direct authorship lithography it is necessary to derive arrogate cognition about the form and features of the used optical maser beam, whilst a homogenous bureau scattering is an indispensable parametric quantity for qualitatively good and uniform consequences in surface structuring. some(prenominal) classical systems in word picture of optical maser beams argon already applied, such asKnife perimeter orderSlit modePinhole methodCCD camera methodThese techniques will be shortly explained in subdivision 2.In fact, a optical maser beam ( bill TEM00 ) fades turn by bit, due to its Gaussian indite ( omen 1 ) . Therefore it is necessary to find what is known as the Centre of the beam.Chapple 1 describes the specialization profile I ( x, y ) as followswhere ten and Y are the crucify Cartesian co-ordinates of any point, x0 and y0 mark the Centre of the beam and R is the 1/e2 radius. This definition is frequently used i n theory.McCally 2 defines the Gaussian dispersion of the strength I ( x, y ) by agencies of the beam radius R be to the 1/e irradiance shown in foretell 1 ( left ) .The emitted power of the optical maser beginning can be determined by incorporating the irradiance ( I ) , one after another the optical strength I ( x, y ) , over the affected cross sectional country A2. Techniques of beam profilingKnife border methodTo derive education about the power distribution crosswise a cross sectional plane of a optical maser beam, the use of the knife border method is the more or less simple attack. Thereby, a crisp edged home base, e.g. a razor blade, is ab initio covering the whole optical maser beam in forepart of a power metre for continues wave radiation or an energy metre for pulse operation. By precise line wise supplanting of the knife border mounted on a additive motion phase, more and more optical maser radiation reaches the detector unit, until the whole beam is covering the feeling country. bit 1 ( coiffeht ) shows the consequence of this measurement process Due to the motion of the knife edge the value of the detected power additions steadily. The derived function of this power aff line of business P ( x, Y ) yields the two dimensional Gaussian profile of the power distribution across the optical maser beam ( Figure 1, left ) .Slit methodA 2nd possibility to find the power distribution inside a optical maser beam is similar to the knife border method alternatively of a crisp edged home base, a rattling narrow slit is step by step moved across the optical maser beam. As a s heydayulation for valid measurings the gap of the slit has to be smaller than the diameter of the considered beam is. Typically this gap is in the scope of some micrometers.Drawbacks of handed-down methods The knife edge- every bit good as the slit method offer merely a limited measure of beam features local hot-spots , i.e. countries of boss power, are undetectable due to the incorporating measurement rule. However this method is suited for speedy measurings to find the diameter and the class strength profile of the considered optical maser beam.Pinhole methodThis method measures the strength of irradiance through a really little hole in a home base ( pinhole ) confronting the optical maser beam. The strength of light go throughing through this pinhole is instead low, so that a photomul bunglier tubing ( PMT ) has to be used to observe the irradiance.Due to the feature of a PMT, e.g. its comparatively low signal to band ration ( SNR ) , the collected informations are corrugated. However the strength distribution can be achieved within a local declaration of about 3micron by using a Gaussian tantrum. Therefore by transversal examine across a optical maser beam, a lavishly declaration image of the power distribution within the beam can be gained. Hot musca volitanss are noticeable and more elaborate characteristics can be located.CCD Camera methodD iffering from the translatening methods described above, the use of CCD ( Charge-coupled Device ) cameras for the review of optical maser musca volitanss will give a really speedy feeling of the power distribution within the beam by merely a individual shooting .The quality of the image, e.g. the declaration, is straight depending on sizing and figure of pels on the CCD-Sensor-chip. Typically the pel size is in the scope of 6 microns2, linked to a entire figure of pels in the scope of 1 to 2 mega pels. By utilizing this method it must be noted, that dust and other drosss on the CCD bit can ensue in image deformation and/or misinterpretable beam characteristics. Furthermore, attention must be taken non to destruct the CCD bit by the incident optical maser beam.3. Beam word picture by agencies of optical fibers pinchsTo get the better of the limited declaration of the CCD- and pinhole method, severally, a new strength profile measuring technique has been becomeed.Similar to the pinhole method described above, an optical fiber tip with an aperture of a few 100 nanometer is applied to roll up light by scanning across a optical maser beam transversely. A photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) attached at the out-coupling rod of the fiber detects the self-collected visible radiation during the scanning procedure so that a two-dimensional image of the strength distribution can be evaluated.By altering the sidelong place of the lineament tip, multiple cross sectional planes can be scanned, taking to a three-dimensional image of the strength distribution e.g. within a focussed optical maser beam.3.1 Near-field matching into the optical fiber Classical attacks to picture the incoupling of visible radiation into the character tip fail, due to the really little gap of the fibre tip ( aperture ) , in the scope of some hundred nanometers, which is considerable smaller than the wavelength of the optical maser visible radiation within the focal point. Due to this really l ittle gap, one can speak about the so called cozy field To derive information arising from the close field and to send out this information into the far field, it is necessary to transform the evanescent Fieldss into propagating Fieldss. This could be done by seting a Centre of dispersing, in this instance the really narrow tip, into the close field. Thereby dipole- oscillations are generated at the boundary of this tip by agencies of the evanescent field ( Figure 2 ) .With I0= vacuity permittivity =unit sender = wave vector 2/ I I= angular frequence of the oscillation and utilizing the dipole-momentWith a=diameter of the gap Ir=relative permittivityThe following(prenominal) footings for the far field ( R & lt & lt I/2 ) and the close field ( R & gt & gt I/2 ) can be derived, and one gets not-propagating every bit good as propagating field constituentsRespectivelyThe propagating field is straight linked to the close field and can be detected afar. The simulation of the galvanical field generated by a plane moving ridge of 1 V/m, heading to a fibre tip, is shown in Fig 3. Based on an optical power of 10mW dispersed on an country of 1 square micrometer, ( which is a instead large country ) , one get by utilizingwithI= ocular Intensity S=Pointing vector v=velocity E0=electrical field D0= electric initiation denseness n= index of refraction ( here air 1.0 ) I0= vacuity permittivity ( rounded 10-11 F/m )= 1010 V/mIt has to be noted that the field within the tip is exponentially lessen ( refer to formula N ) and by this merely a really little portion of the generated electrical field, in this illustration 5*1010 V/m straight at the tip, can be detected at the out matching terminal of the fiber by the PMT.3.2 ApparatusThe PI P-854.00 piezoelectric actuator used in this apparatus has a displacement scope of 25Am for all right placement and can besides be pre-positioned by a micrometer-screw more approximately. The perceptual experience of gathere d visible radiation is done by a Hamamatsu H5784 type photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) with an E5776 FC type adapter attached ( Figure 4 )A fibre holder mounted to the piezoelectric actuator is used to take and protect the optical fiber tip during the scanning procedure. After elaboration ( x10 by transimpedance amplifier phase ) and filtering of the gathered strength informations it is converted into digital informations by agencies of a National Instruments 6025e PCI interface card.3.3 Fibre tip productionFor this application the optical fiber type used to work on forth the tips is a individual manner fiber manufactured by Newport. Its cut-off wavelength is optimised for the usage of optical masers in the wavelength scope of 400nm -500nm.There are two possibilities to develop the conelike tip of an optical fiber harmonizing to the petitions of a Scaning close field optical lithography ( SNOL ) fibre tipThe optical fiber tip can be realised byPulling methodsChemical etchingDuring t he pulling process the optical fiber is preloaded before it is heated up locally with a CO2-laser or a heating-film and forced to run. As the thaw procedure begins, the puller stretches the optical fiber with extra force apart, so that the fiber is tapert first and eventually cryings itself take aim forthing two tips.The belongingss of the optical fiber tips produced this manner vary on the different parametric quantities of the puller as for illustration the drawing force.Normally, all pulled SNOL-tips show a really thin geometry ( e.g. Figure 4, left ) .This is particularly disadvantageous for the considered application, because this thin construction tends to flex and hover. More stiff fibers, which have tips with higher cone angle, are more suited Furthermore, these fibers tips feature a really little transmittal of 10-5 to 10-6 due to the long form of the tip, in which the visible radiation is evanescent ( exponentially diminishing ) . Larger cone angles and correspondingly a higher transmittal up to 10-2 is reached by engraved SNOL- fiber tips as used in this work.Several etching methods exist to bring forth fibre tips. The process used here is the so called tube-etching . After cleansing of the optical fiber by agencies of ethyl group alcohol, the fiber is immersed into hydrofluoric acid. ( Figure 5 )The undermentioned chemical reactions take topographic point to the Si contained in the fiber and/or with the Ge at drug fibersTube-Etching is a farther development of the standard etching-method, invented by Turner in 1984, published by Stoeckel et Al. and Lambelet et Al. 4, 5, 6 This process improves the production of well smoother tip surfaces. At the tube-Etching process the coating of the optical fiber is non removed before the etching procedure. Due to gravity drawn debasement of the glass merchandises, a engrossment incline arises in the hydrofluoric acid, which causes convection. The convection carries the hydrofluoric acid into the upper z one of the tip that develops therefore conically.To forestall corrosion by hydrofluoric acid exhausts at the upper parts the fiber, a light mineral oil was used as a dissolver to gain a separate stage above the hydrofluoric acid. The temperature during the production of the tips corresponded to room temperature. By completion of the tube-etching procedure the coating of the optical fiber is removed by dichlorine methane and the tip can be metallized, go forthing a little aperture.4. ConsequencesA trial rig has been build utilizing optical fiber tips for automized three-dimensional strength profile scanning ( Figure 3 ) . With this it is possible to derive information about the spacial power distribution within optical maser beams. Due to the little aperture of the fiber tip even really little focal parts can be profiled with high local declaration. Corresponding package was developed to command the traveling x-y phase, every bit good as the omega actuator automatically utilizing Lab viewA . Therefore, it is possible to scan across the optical maser beam tomographically, while roll uping strength informations. The information can either be displayed or visualised by agencies of the scanning package itself. development a new developed package based on OpenGlA ,the strength informations can be displayed in a 3 dimensional image ( Figure 7 ) with the chance to revolve the way of position in all grades of freedom. Furthermore, different mathematical filters can be applied to better image quality.By scanning more transverse sectional planes, individual pieces can be shown in an overlayed manner, to detect the focal point traveling due to the sidelong variety of the fibre tip ( Figure 8 )3. DecisionA fresh method for high deciding beam word picture particularly for little aperture optical masers has been described. With this automized 3- dimensional series scanning method it is possible to derive information about the spacial power distribution within a optical maser topographic point.4. Figures / ArtworkFigure 1 left Theoretical power distribution within a TEM 00 optical maser beam can be described by a Gaussian profile right Integrated optical maser power measured with the knife border method as a map of the cross sectional co-ordinate ten.Figure 2 left E-field in the close field of the tip when illuminated by plane moving ridge with field strength of 1 V/m, polarised along the axes of the tip right Cross-sectional position of an optical fiber tip with an cone angle I? and an radius from the aperture rim R .The associated electric field lines are plotted in logarithmic mode 3 Figure 3 Principle and image of the apparatus for high deciding optical maser beam profilingFigure 4 Comparison of a fibre tip produced by the drawing method left and a fibre tip produced by etching right Figure 5 Conventional representation of the aztube- etching method Figure 6 left Fibre tip generated by the etching method after 60min etching cl ip ( delight mention to Figure 4 B ) right Fibre tip generated by the etching method after 120min etching clip ( delight mention to Figure 4 degree Celsiuss )Figure 7 Beam profile of a DVD optical pickup unit ( OPU ) gained with the fiber tip based system ( declaration 150nm )Figure 8 left 12- measure sidelong scan through a ( TEM00 ) optical maser focal point of a DVD optical pickup unit ( OPU ) gained with the fiber tip based system ( cross position ) right ( sidelong position )5 Literatures 1 Chapple, P.B. , ( 1994 ) , Beam waist and M2 measuring utilizing a finite slit, Opt. Eng. ,33, 2461-2466 2 McCally, R.L. , ( 1984 ) Measurement of Gaussian beam parametric quantities, Appl. Opt. , 23, 2227 3 Drezet, A. , Nasse, M.J. , Huant, S. , Woehl, J.C. , ( 2004 ) , The optical near-field of an aperture tip Europhys. Lett. , 66 ( 1 ) , 41-47 4 Stockle, R. , Fokas, C. , Deckert, V. , Zenobi, R. , Sick, B. , Hecht, B. , Wild, U.P. , ( 1999 ) , High quality near field optica l investigations by tubing etching, Applied physical science Letters, 75 ( 2 ) , 160-2 5 Lambelet, P. , Sayah, A. , Pfeffer, M. , Philipona, C. , Marquis Weible, F. , ( 1998 ) , Chemically etched fiber tips for close field optical microscopy a procedure for smoother tips, Applied Optics, 37 ( 31 ) , 7289-7292 6 Suh, Y. , Zenobi, R. , ( 2000 ) , Improved Probes for Scaning Near Field Optical Microscopy, Advanced Materials, 12 ( 15 ) , 1139-11426.0 Keywords Near field, far field, optical maser beam, focal point, focal plane, fibre tip, pinhole, knife border7.0 TerminologyI= Intensity W/m P=Power W A=Area m2 I=Wavelength m E=Energy W/s I= Vacuum permittivity A2As4Akg-1Am-3 Ir=Relative permittivity A2As4Akg-1Am-3 =Unit vector=Wave vector 2/ It=Time s I= Angular frequence of the oscillation s-1 =Dipole-moment AAm2 a=Diameter of the gap m

Anion Root Tip

In the experiment, onion root tips are choosen to be discovered under microscope. It is because the chromosomes are larger than most of the others plants. The root tips of onion are picked to observed as the root tips are the region where the cadre division occurs mostly. The cells at the tips of the onion are actively dividing, therefore they are always in stages of mitosis. The tips on the slide are squashed with the aim to show a get out and clearer observation of the chromosomes of individual cells. Adding Feulgen stain is to visualize the onion root tip cells.Normally the chromosomes are not visible in nondiving cells because the DNA is still uncoiled. After adding Feulgen stain, supercoiling of the chromosomes into a highly compacted form happen. The supercoiled chromosomes are formed so that the chromosomes can be visualized under microscope. Be precautious when treating with Felgen stain because it is a type of DNA specialised stains and carcinogens. Gloves should be wore . Based on the results, it shows that interphase is the most abundantly stage that is found in onion root-tip cells, and is followed by prophase.The other phase metaphase, anaphase and telophase only show get amounts. The larger amount of interphase shows that the duration taken in interphase is longer than other phases. Interphase is a stage for the growth and also development of the cells. Majority of the cells are in interphase as proceeds of genetic clobber,DNA and organelles for production of new cells take a longer time. Prophase is the common phase after interphase. More times is needed for the move of condensing of infant chromatids into chromosomes. During prophase, mitotic spindles are developed from microtobules that produced by centrosomes too.Therefore, more times is needed for the more complicated stages, which are interphase and also prophase. Interphase is a stage when the cell is not dividing but preparing for its next stage. The nucleus have one or more dark-s tained nucleoli that is filled with network of threads. The threads are actually the chromatin. During interphase, the genetic material and organelles are replicated. Interphase is divided into three phases which are G1, S and G2 phases. G1 is the longest phase as the work to resume growth following mitosis is carried out here. The preparation for replication of DNA occur S phase is the phase when the DNA synthesis.During this phase, the cells DNA replicates. G2 is a gap between the synthesis of DNA and beginning of mitosis. It is a spot of rapid cell growth and synthesis of protein. During prophase, the chromatins super coiled and become thicker and shorter. Thickening continues till they condense into chromosomes. Each chromosomes has been duplicated, consists of two sister chromatids. Soon, the spindle which is do up of microtubules start forming. The disintegration of nuclear envelope and nucleoli occur. At metaphase, the chromosomes have moved to the center of the nucleur.The chromosomes have aligned at the metaphase plate and the centromeres of each sister chromatids, chromosomes have attached to the spindle. The nuclear membrane disintegrates totally at the same time. The centromeres are divided during anaphase. Sister chromatids are seperated and pulled to the corresponding poles by the spindle fibres. small-arm the telophase is the last stage of mitosis division. A new nuclear envelope is formed around each group of chromosomes. The chromosomes uncoil. The nucleoli and nuclear envelope are formed and reappearred again. The cytol is divided equally and two daughter cells are produced.

Family values Essay

In the past decade there has been a drastic down turn in the ethical and moral standards in the westerly world, especially in the States. There is a vicious attack on the fundamental institution our family .It is sad to see how this downward trend is leading to an change magnitude decay of our family life. Basic ethics is a science that evaluates and explains the values that differentiate between right on and wrong or good and bad conduct. The basic instrument used to destroy the moral standards in our society is to tactfully change the basic concept of wrong or bad and alter it to look right and good. Often these altered concepts atomic number 18 reached to the public is through media using high profile individual characters. The best way to convey the message about paederastic so called alternate family values would be to publicize the life of a gay bishop and reason with authenticity the genuinely basic biblical concept of a traditional family and advocate that it is alrigh t to redefine the family in an alternate way to fit the alternate life style of a minority group.Another mightily way to implement such drastically different family values would be through ballot and legal system and force the lawmakers to make changes in the precise laws that withstood these viscous attacks ever since our nation was born. Several lawmakers are yielding to the pressure tactics of a minority and making drastic changes in the basic disposition that upheld the traditional family values while the majority is watching with dismay. The most powerful tool of all is to brainwash the children in the very early ages with a discipline curriculum focused on alternate family life and skillfully deviate from the traditional family values.The basic values that are taught in a traditional family are honesty, sincerity, social unity, generosity, trust, love, affection, caring, forgiveness, conservation and respect for others. Children are like sponges always ready to absorb. W hen they are fed with true family values they give develop a character and integrity to operate on these basic principles and make healthy choices in life. Growing children are like tiny plants easy to bend, trim and mould. We reap what we sow. Hence it is extremely important to teach the basic traditional family values at a very early age and instillthe basic strong character that allow build a personality with integrity to achieve success in life. These basic family values are passed down from generation to generation and the names must ostler their children with honesty and sincerity and make every effort to set an ideal example in the principles they firmly bank.Building a strong character in a childs life needs strong committed parents and strong dedicated teachers. Character building is a gradual process and the parents and teachers invite a vital active contribution to play in helping the child to grow in the right direction. The basic ethical and moral principles you believe in should be constantly discussed, shared and taught in family and schools. Of course the greatest influence on a growing child would be the exemplary role model the parents establish in a family unit. It is easy to understand why some of the great men in history always had a parent in their early age to be a role model to shape their personality with an exemplary life style.It is sad to see how the parents are neglecting the petite ones with such disdain. It is really sad to see how the media is portraying the traditional family values as something of the past. It is sad to note that the Hollywood with all its glamour and power is actively promoting deviant behaviour. It is sad to see how the teachers are abandoning the family values and the role model they once were. The future looks really grim and perhaps beyond our imaginations. Very hardly a(prenominal) people that realize the depth of this insanity and decay are branded as right wing extremists and humiliated. In t he next decade with altered family values, the very basic traditional family may become a thing of the past and with it the very basic qualities taught in a family unit may disappear and be replaced by rampant cheating, lies, selfishness, revenge, hatredness, abuse, lack of respect and sexual immorality that might take us back to the animal kingdom with raw animal instincts and laws of the jungle.America is a blessed, great and most powerful nation of noble people with highest moral standard because of their firm belief in strong traditional family values. If it go which may likely happen like the other great empires in the history, it will be because of the decay of the family values. It is time we realize the value of a family unit and be there to support our children, teach them the family values and set an exemplary role model. The future of these great nationlies in the hands of these little ones who will one day be the parents themselves.

Turkish Reform Under Mustafa “Ataturk” Kemal

Turkish Reform Under Mustafa Ataturk Kemal A Review on the Six Arrows of Kemalism In the aftermath of World War I, the at one time great Ottoman Empire was left in shambles. After having lost almost all of the empires territory to European mandates in 1918, what flyspeck they had left became occupied by Allied troops. In order to return the Turkish sight to their former glory, the Turkish War for Indep destinationence was fought, resulting in the installation of a invigorated government in Ankara. By 1923, this government declared the end of the Ottoman Empire and proclaimed the name of the Turkish Republic.At the forefront of this new nations birth was Mustafa Kemal, a man who would gravel to be known as Ataturk, or Father Turk for his contributions to the establishment and reforms of this young state. But what scarce did this Ataturk do for the Republic of dud? In order to understand how much an influence Kemalist political orientation had on the early days of the Turkish Republic, one must define the six basic principles behind it, known as the Six Arrows, learn how they were implemented in the early republic, and analyze the motives behind Kemals particular proposition reforms.After doing thusly, one will discover that, had it not been for the influence of Kemalism, Turkey would never consider existed in its modern font form. The first of the Six Arrows is Republicanism. Republicanism can be defined as a form of government in which the people rule indirectly. Unlike the former Ottoman Empire, in which the primary ruler was the sultan who ancestral his position through his genealogy, the Turkish Republic was conceived as a nation through which representatives from among the people would make decisions (86-88). In order to devour this intellect of Republicanism come to fruition, the long standing sultanate had to be dissolved.Though Kemal intended for this to be a reality since the early days of the War for Independence, he kept this agenda a brain-teaser from the populace in order to keep morale and war support high. Had he announced the idea of Republicanism earlier, he might not have been O.K. by the more handed-downist sectors of the nation. Even after securing victory in the war in 1922, Kemal met with some difficulty in ending the sultanate. Firstly, since its historical foundation under Osman I, the Ottoman Empire had always been ruled by a sultan. This time-honored tradition make the bolishment even more difficult due to the event that for the past four centuries, the Ottoman sultan occupied the position of caliph of Sunni Islam. So long as the same figure was assigned to both roles, Kemal would have difficulty ending either one. Therefore, in an assembly discussing the nature of the caliphate and sultanate, Kemal claimed that, aside from the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs, the position had become politicized and drifted from its original purpose of exclusively guiding the Muslim populace on a spiritual level, bereft of any temporal authority.His address to the assembly resulted in the separation of these two powers and the end of the sultanate. dapple the last sultan, Mehmed VI, was expelled from the nation shortly afterward, his cousin, Abdulmecid Efendi, took the position of Sunni Caliph something which Mustafa Kemal would deal with in the years to come (Hanioglu 135-40). In September of 1923, Kemal declared the founding of what would eventually become the Republican Peoples Party, made up of representatives from all walks of life including farmers, scholars, merchants, and common workers which would be able to represent the people adequately (143).That October would see Kemals declaration of the nation of Turkey as a republic through a unanimous decision from the National Assembly, who would then elect him as the first President of the Republic of Turkey (Volkan 236-237). The next Kemalisms Six Arrows is Populism. In his review on Turkish History, Sina Aksin describes populism as a n ideology which safeguards the people, promoting policies for the welfare of all. dapple populism as a principle designed to bring about what it deems best for the populace as a whole, it is also refer with enacting change for the better of the nonage and individual, bringing all groups within the Turkish nation to a common standing, so long as such change has a positive meat on the mainstream society (Aksin 231). One of the most radical ways that Kemal brought this principle to life was through the emancipation of womens rights. Being a heavily traditional Muslim society, the Ottoman Empire allowed women very few freedoms.Mustafa Kemal, on the opposite hand, borrowing from the Swiss legal corpse, developed new laws which gave Turkish women more rights. Previously, it had been pleasant for a man to marry several women and divorce his wife at his own discretion, where as a woman was unable to ever leave her preserve on her own accord. Under the new laws, men were entirely a llowed to have a single wife through a civil marriage, which could but be dissolved through a civil divorce process.Furthermore, until the new civil codes came into existence, traditional Muslim sharia law only allowed a woman to get up to half the value of a mans inheritance, regardless of her familial position. Women were finally given the ability to enter a number of unlike lines of work, the most important of which were teaching positions (Mango 437-38). Perhaps an even greater societal change in the Turkish nation came with the end of the millet system. Though this was never an formally declared reform, it came naturally with the institution of national Populism.Under the Ottoman sultanate, members of minority groups existed in small autonomous coiftlements within the empire called millets, usually classified according to their professed religion. However, since Kemalist ideology effectively sought equality among all citizen groups, this naturally extended to those of differ ent religious creeds. Under the new laws, which applied to everyone, the legal exceptions made for Christians and Jews in the millet system became obsolete, and eventually they ceased to exist altogether (Volkan 319).Though not originally in the constitution, the principle Arrow of Secularism came to be one of the most influential ideas of the Turkish Republic (Reisman 7). The modern idea of Secularism is a complete separation of Church and put forward, in which neither institution is involved in influencing the other. Kemalist Secularism, on the other hand, is concerned primarily with placing the State above the Church. Kemal sought not only to keep the influence of Islam and the ulema out of Turkeys new governing body, but to give the thought faction the power and authority to regulate and suppress Islamic ideologies.This is not to say that Kemal was anti-religion. Kemalism simply attempted to confine religious fervor to the private sector. The earliest and most drastic impleme ntation of this principle was seen in the dissolution of the Sunni Caliphate. While separating the political authority of the sultan and the spiritual rule of the Caliphate caused Kemal to be heralded as a champion of Islam, such cheers of heroism would be silenced once he revealed his plan to dissolve the Caliphate as well. He would justify this by once more explaining that, after the reign of the FourRightly Guided Ones, the true Caliphate had ended, becoming a tool of the nation (Hanioglu 151). Though Kemal professed to impose this reform for the sake of Islam, it is far more probably that his motivations were anticlerical. Considering the heavy influence that the ulema had on the former Ottoman Empire, Kemals choice to dismantle the Caliphate came from a desire to secure power in the layperson government without question from a higher religious authority (Davison 138). In addition to this, Kemal closed down the madrasas in 1924, replacing them with secular schools, and in 1925 taboo all Sufi mystic lodges.While some claim that these efforts were attempts at making religion seem obsolete, it is far more likely that Kemal did this to keep loyalties in order. Since the idea of Turkish Nationalism was still fairly new, Kemal needed to suppress religious zeal so that the populace would be committed to the state first, and their faith irregular (Hanioglu 155). Added alongside Secularism, the next of the Six Arrows is Revolutionism, the motives for which can best be summed up in a quote from Kemal himself The aim of the revolutions which we re now chance uponing is to bring the people of the Turkish Republic into a state of society entirely modern in spirit and from. This is the central pillar of our Revolution (qtd. in Davison 87). contempt its etymological implications, Revolutionism in the Kemalist sense is intended to be completely peaceful. Some translate the term inkilapcilik, used in the Turkish constitution, as Reformism, in order to stand forwardi shness the concept from the violence classifyd with the historical idea of revolution. Revolutionism as a Kemalist ideology simply means the modernization, and, in the case of Turkey, the occidentalization of the country (Parla 92-93).One of the most momentous reforms in this area was the state en pull backd usage of surnames. While this may not seem very progressive to western cultures, the Ottoman Empire existed for centuries without the usage of family names. With the design of this practice, the government was able to organize documents far more efficiently. Whereas before, governments had to include names of ones father and mother as well as significant personal information to identify someone, the usage of a family surname made people far more distinguishable on paper. This reform was enforced gain by the ban on usage of traditional titles such as Pasha r Efendi, which gave a description of ones status. Instead, men were force to use Bay and women had to use Bayan, which were respective Turkish equivalents for Mister and Miss (Mango 498-99). Though seemingly less significant to western audiences, the Hat Law of 1925 brought about a change towards Revolutionism in a way that was not only profound, but visually noticeable. Under this new law, government officials were required to wear western style hats, while traditional headgear, such as the fez or turban, was banned. In the Ottoman Empire, one of the distinguishing features of class could be seen in the headgear that one donned.The turban was a hat which only the ulema, or religious scholars could wear. The fez, on the other hand, was worn by civil servants of the empire, eventually becoming a feature that westerners began to associate solely with the Oriental idea of the Ottoman Empire. Kemal used the Hat Law of 1925 to ban these two types of hats, not only because they inspired segregation between balance national classes, but because he felt a strong need to break all ties with the previous e mpire, intending Turkey to become a modern western nation in spirit (Aksin 202-04).Perhaps as important to Kemalist ideology as the idea of Secularism, if not more so, is the Arrow of Nationalism. Unlike the western concept of Nationalism, which is concerned with the geo-political superiority of ones state, Kemalism sought to promote Turkish Nationalism through the countrys own merit as an individual nation. While the European Nationalist regimes of Napoleon or Hitler attempted to further their states through imperialistic conquest, Kemal saw no need to expand Turkeys borders, instead focusing on bolstering pride in being a member of what he saw to be a noble cannonball along (Aksin 230).Kemal hoped to establish an identity for the Turkish people, who, until this point, had never had a true homeland of their own. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire into French and British mandates cut off most of the empires Arab citizens, the remaining population was almost entirely Turkis h, with the exception of a small Kurdish percentage (Hanioglu 133). In order to set up this new identity, Kemal set about commissioning a number of scholastic reforms of Turkish society. He began this by heading the idea known as the Turkish History Thesis. After founding the Society for the Examination of Turkish History n 1931, Kemal recruited renowned archeologists and historians such as Eugene Pittard, and formed a guess proclaiming the Turks as the original civilized race. They claimed that since Trojans and Greeks were racially similar and Trojans came from Anatolia, the Trojans were descendants of the original Turks. Likewise, when ancient Turkish society, which these historians believed came from Central Asia, began to migrate, they founded the Sumerian and Hittite Empires and began to help in the breeding of other primitive civilizations, such as the Chinese and Indians (164-170).Yet as extensive as Kemals attempts at forming the Turkish History Thesis were, they did not accomplish the practical advantages that his language reform did. This began in 1928 with the state enforced switch from the Arab-Persian script to a Latin based alphabet, which Kemal believed more suitable to the Turkish language. He furthered this idea by commissioning scholars to discover what they deemed pure Turkish vocabulary, derived from words and phrases used in Turkish speech but not in other languages. shortly after, these scholars developed the Sun-Language Theory, which, based off of similarities between Turkish and other human race languages, claimed that Turkish was the first spoken language (Mango 494-95). Though this theory lacked legitimate evidence, it justify borrowing words for the new state approved form of Turkish, as through this view all words developed from an original Turkish language. Soon after the language the development of the new standard Turkish, translations of many of the nations important documents, such as the constitution and Kemals Great pub lic lecture were translated.It would take a number of years for the new form to be used fluently by the people, however these efforts were sped by state issued pocket Ottoman-Turkish dictionaries (Hanioglu 171-79). Finally, Kemalist ideology is also defined by the Arrow of Statism, or Etatism. This is the idea of modernizing in terms of economic and technological advances. A major part of Kemalist Statism is the governments active role in guiding the economy. That is not to say that Statism is completely anti-capitalist. On the contrary, Kemalism supports the idea of personal property and free enterprise when it benefits the people.However, for the most part, the exemplar Kemalist government is one that is heavily involved in the regulation of such commerce (Parla 125). The first attempt at government managed economy was the nationalization of unlike commerce. This was done for a number of reasons. First, Kemal wanted to establish ties with external, mostly European nations in an attempt towards westernization and expansionism. Since Kemal based most of his models for his new nation off of be European ones, he felt that relations with such nation would prove to be a useful tool.Ironically, Kemals other reason for nationalized foreign enthronisation was to prevent such expansionism in the other direction. With World War I still only a short time behind them, most of the world had eyes on Turkey. Foreign powers could easily turn investment in the public sector of the Turkish people into a bridge for imperialism. Thus, to prevent such threats from coming to fruition, the Turkish government sponsored services including electricity, water distribution, docks, and gas instillations, starting in the early 1920s.This not only helped Turkey provide for the necessities of its people, but gave them a strong economic foothold in the years of the Great Depression. Among these new government funded resources, there was a large emphasis on the construction of railroads. get in 1923, new railway lines spanning over 3,350 kilometers were constructed. This focus on railway expansion was due to the limited resources owned by the state. Trains ran on steam engines, provide by coal, which was an abundant natural resource in Turkey.While many other nations focused on expanding motorways during this period, this would have caused a need to import petrol from foreign nations, making Turkey economically dependent on countries able to provide such fuel (Aksin 223-24). Mustafa Kemal continued to implement his idealistic reforms until his death in 1938. Despite never being able to establish Turkey as a nation that completely embodied his ideology, he left behind a bequest by which he is revered to this day. Street corners and government establishments are still adorned with his image, in honor of his great achievements.It is safe to say that had it not been for his efforts at reform, Turkey would never have risen to its current place in the modern world. It is possible that it may never have even existed without him. In conclusion, one may realize that many of Ataturks reforms seem to fall under more than one of his Six Arrows. The establishment of a single party, made up of representatives from all classes fulfills the Republican requirements of the new government, while assuring that the Populist voice of the people will be heard.Ataturks language reforms were not only Revolutionary, completely reorganizing the old Ottoman linguistic structure, but helped establish a Nationalist identity through the Sun Language Theory. One can only understand what Kemal did for Turkey by understanding that the Six Arrows of Kemalism were guidelines by which Ataturk devised new laws for the new Turkish Republic guidelines which compliment and fulfill each other guidelines use to the progress of the Republic of Turkey. Works Cited Aksin, Sina. Turkey From Empire to Revolutionary Republic. Washington Square, NY New York UP, 2007. Davison, Andrew.Sec ularism and Revivalism in Turkey A Hermeneutic Reconsideration. New Haven Yale UP, 1998. Hanioglu, M. Sukru. Ataturk An dexterous Biography. Princeton Princeton UP, 2011. Mango, Andrew. Ataturk. Woodstock, NY Overlook, 2002. Parla, Taha, and Andrew Davison. Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey Progress or Order? Syracuse, NY Syracuse UP, 2004. Reisman, Arnold. Turkeys Modernization Refugees from Nazism and Ataturks Vision. Washington, DC New Academia Publ. , LLC, 2006. Volkan, Vamik D. , and Norman Itzkowitz. The Immortal Ataturk A Psychobiography. Chicago University of Chicago, 1986.

Is It Possible to Create a Perfect Human Being Essay

As William Penn says in his book, Some Fruits of Solitude, in Reflections and Maxims Relating to the Conduct of Human Life, Men are primarily more careful of the breed of their horses and dogs than of their children. This statement is true, to a point. While eugenical artificial selection could in fact breed an ideal human creation, as is make with horses and dogs, there is a level of eugenics that has g unrivaled too far. During WWII, Adolf Hitler took the stance of eugenics as an innovative idea that was for the greater good.However, his proposal of eugenics was eliminating all otherwise choices of humans other than his ideal image the Aryan race. The murder of oer 11 million people can hardly be compared with propagation, simply they both derive from the same idea eugenics. Eugenics is only one of the many methods that scientists are meddling with in order to design an ideal human organism. Creating a flawless human being has been a scientific prerogative, and while there are some discrepancies, science is showing progress. Alongside eugenics, cybernetic organisms are a nonher option for creating a pure(a) human being.Cybernetic organisms are comprised of synthetic and organic parts. Humans that have dysfunctional body parts are open to replace them with mechanical alternatives. substitution parts enable humans to be far more efficient. A commonly replaced organ is the heart, and scientists should soon be able to replace other decisive internal organs. Scientific exploration of new areas is one of the many benefits made available by cybernetic technology. Space travel without a breathing utensil could be made possible if the necessary organs were substitute.Replacement lungs could allow humans to function without oxygen. If oxygen was provided within the body, then humans would be able to easily explore space, as well as the depths of the ocean. With cybernetic organisms at the helm, a centurys progress, due to exponential growth of technology, c an be accomplished in an hour. Although more efficient than humans, cybernetic organisms can also be considered a threat to humanity. Technology is not always dependable. Artificial paddy wagon fail, cellular phones break, and planes crash. In 1993, 7 people died in a plane crash due to engine failures.Not only is technology not one hundred percent reliable, but if humans are eventually comprised completely of artificial parts, then emotion will no longer remain. As exemplified in Anthem, a society without emotion is detrimental. The citizens of Anthem believe that they know everything that there is to know, but they are mistaken. In order to ensure equality, the idea of love was removed, and on with it, family, spirituality and opinion. If machines become the main factor in this world, it is possible that Anthem could be the future.The World Council defines and enforces the law, so that all are the same and perfect by Anthems standards. Cybernetic organisms can be manipulated by humans to be perfect, or without flaw, but possible consequences are risky. With cybernetic organisms as the primitive in creating the perfect human being, genetic modification for health purposes is a less drastic measure. With technology today, cures to diseases, such as Anthrax and H1N1, are being discovered at a rapid pace. If one can inject the vaccine of all known diseases into embryos until all diseases are eradicated, everyone would be healthy, and in a sense, perfect.Brave New World is a society of perfect health. All citizens are immunized at decantation and are able to live a deportment free of disease and infection. Unfortunately, the vaccines to every disease have not yet been discovered, but with the exponential growth of technological advances, there is a probable chance. apply genetic modifications to prevent diseases is an idealized goal, but it has a major risk factor mutations. DNA is a complicated system, and the slightest mistake could cause a major bodily malfunction. It would take extensive scientific research and application to consider attempting to alter a humans genes.Science has made many advances, but oftentimes the major ones have come back with unintended consequences that were never before thought significant. The extensive use of oil, coal and natural gas base that perfectly. It was commonly known that the burning of these natural resources releases gasses into the air, but it was not thought of as important. Global warming was considered a hoax, and little was done to preserve the populaces delicate ecosystem. If tampering with genetics is disregarded as insignificant, then drastic outcomes could occur, such as unheard of deformities, or permanent brain damage. inheritable modification in this sense would be detrimental to society. A perfect human being is hard to define, but standards can easily be changed over time with both genetic modification and cybernetic organisms. There are positives and negatives to both optio ns, but technology is changing rapidly, and circumstances adapt with it. Although scientists have not yet created a prototype for an ideal human, ideas are being formulated. The ideas, however, of what defines a perfect person are constantly changing. Until idealization has had its parameters defined, scientists will continue to endeavor to achieve this goal.

Client care vrq assessment

As a mobile nail technician my procedures for encouraging the enforce of extra serve and wares argon- Via verbal chat to a mod invitee upon discussion of booking an appointment. This may declare place either in someone or over the telephone. I resulting listen conservatively to the knobs request for a particular interference and will ascertain what out set they want from the preaching. I am then up to(p) to intercommunicate them of any additional handling options I offer which would be of mold head itinerary to them.Via verbal communication to an new-fashioned or existing customer during the consultation process before he beginning of a treatment. For example if the client has booked a manicure treatment, having assessed their skin and nail type/condition, if their skin is alter I would take the prospect to recommend a paraffin climb on treatment to supplement the manicure and specific each(prenominal)y tar jump their dry skin. During the treatment, I would a nswer any questions the client may drive and this may Include the recommendation of a nonher service or a product that would be of benefit to them.As a rule I would non give advice during the treatment UNLESS the client asks I want them to feel relaxed and to enjoy the experience. After keeping leaflets are given to each client which recommend products they are able to barter for from me, and each client is given a set list detailing all of the treatments I offer. When home based, my price list is on display down the stairs the glass top of the nail station. publicityal offers on seasonal treatments and/or products to encourage a client to purify something new.When the treatment is completed I will ask the client if they would same(p) to book another appointment and will take the opportunity to ask If they would like to try any of the additional treatments that they generate shown an Interest In over the course of todays retirement. When explaining aftercare, and helping ha nding them an aftercare leaflet, I quarter advise them of any products they could purchase that will be beneficial to help maintain the return of the treatment they have had and improve on any condition they may have, such as dry skin.What promoting additional run dream ups to the Therapist If self employed an increase in income. If employed an increase in income or commission. An increase in gross sales may lead to promotion. Positive appraisals and respect. Helps to keep healer up-to- control with new treatments and products. May be given further training to broaden their cognition. Helps to show to clients that you are experienced and knowledgeable, leading to an Increase In uniform clients. Shows confidence What promoting additional services marrow to the client The client receives tar make outed advice for their particular needs.Makes the client sensible of new treatments and/or treatments they have no prior knowledge of so they whoremonger take a crap an informed decision as to what treatments they would like. Client will be able to maintain the benefit of their treatment for immenseer if they try new services recommended especially for them, and particularly if they purchase professional reduces to example at home in between salon visits. They will feel confident that they are getting the best care from their therapist. What promoting additional services means to the Salon Increase in sales and therefore income.Gain new clients and an increase in loyal & rhythmical clients. go bys the salon up to date with new treatments and products. Keeps the salon competitive in an ever growing industry. Helps with profligate control & rotation. If you have products not selling very well a promotion on these may increase sales and help reduce stock. Why is it important to understand the features and benefits of your stock? Describe what is meant by the benefit of a product- The benefit of a product is what the product can do/achieve for examp le the benefit of a hand cream is that is nourishes the skin.Products contain a variety of ingredients and different products will have certain features that provide particular benefits, for example an exfoliated may contain alpha hydroxyl acids (Shahs) from fruit, the benefit of which is to exfoliate the skin and help the production of new skin cells. Understanding the features and benefits of the products that you stock enables you to use the most appropriate reduce for your particular client to ensure they are receiving the best treatment for them that will give them the best outcome.If you are knowledgeable virtually what your product features and benefits are you are best able to advise your client on products they could purchase that will benefit them, giving them the best service you can, along with helping you sell the product to increase your sales and therefore income. It is overly important to understand the features of your stock, as particular products may be un fit for a particular client for example due to an allergy they may have.Explain the benefits of a service Manicure A manicure improves the appearance of the hands and nails, offering a beneficial treatment that can improve dry skin, weak or brittle nails and prevent damage to the nails and cuticles. Filing the free edge of the nail improves appearance and prevents splitting, peeling and breaking. Softening and removing excess cuticle keeps them neaten and healthy and prevents the formation of hang nails. Massage of the hand and lower arm increases circulation, aids the removal of excess fluid and toxins, relieves stress and promotes relaxation.Skin is exfoliated and rushed, feeling softer to the touch. For a client with weak, splitting or peeling nails a nail strengthener product could be use, and retailed to the client to continue using at home. A paraffin mount treatment complements a manicure, particularly for clients with dry skin. This warming treatment is as well beneficial f or someone with arthritis. Other treatments that could be offered are- Hand fancy dress, this can also be used along with heated mittens. Warm oil treatment. Products you could retail to the client include- Nail file, Cuticle Oil, Hand Cream, Nail Varnish strain of their choiceHow would you recognize a clients elicit and when would be the most appropriate metre to talk well-nigh other services? I would recognize a clients interest by listening carefully to them, watching their luggage compartment language and facial expressions (such as nodding in agreement, smiling) and by asking them questions to find out what they are looking for/wanting to achieve. A client may ask a lot of questions or so a particular product or treatment and this would be a great eon to advise them on other features & benefits of the product or services beneficial to them. They may moment on my skin or nails and I could inform them of treatments I use.If a client commented on the lovely smell and feel o f a product during a treatment I could inform them that we sell that particular product so they could continue to use it at home. A client may spend some era reading by a particular section of the salons brochure so I could ask if they had any questions intimately something they may like to try. A client may quotation a holiday in the sun they have Just booked a safe opportunity to mention how lovely it is to have a neaten to treat the feet before ongoing flip flops & sandals, along with a waxing treatment to be beach readyThe most appropriate times to talk about other services would be during the booking process when you are ascertaining what treatment the client would like there is an opportunity here to give them a some different options. During the consultation before the start of the treatment, once you have established any particular problems the client may have, you could offer advice on other services that will be of benefit to them. During treatment there may be oc casions where the client asks questions, which should be answered.They may also be keen to cackle for example when their feet are soaking or when their hands or feet are in heated mittens or booties. (Although it would be inappropriate to discuss other services if the client is showing signs that they Just want to relax during times in the treatment such as during massage, soaking feet etc). Give a brief analysis of what the following laws stand for The Health and guard duty at Work Act 1974 is the main legislation in the UK that provides the legal framework to ensure a golosh working environment is provided for employers, employees and clients.Everyone has a duty to comply with the Act, including employers, employees and the self-employed. The Act places duties on the employer and the employee to promote highschool standards of health and risk-freety in the workplace. Provide and maintain safe systems of work and safety equipment. Ensure the proper handling, storage, transpor tation and use of materials. Provide information, training and supervision. Provide a safe working environment. Have a create verbally Health & Safety Policy and conduct written risk assessments. Look after the health and safety of there, for example clients.Some examples of employees duties under the Act are- calculate care of their own health and safety and that of others. Co-operate with their employers for example by complying with regulations to wear private protective equipment (PEP) where necessary. To report any accidents, near misses and faulty equipment to the delegated Health and Safety Representative/Officer or Salon Manager The Consumer Protection Act 1987 protects the consumer by legislating that the products and services that consumers purchase must be safe and suitable for use I. E. Not defective.Products must be of merchantable quality and fit for purpose. There are strict measures for liability for damage caused by defective products. disposal bodies are able t o intervene to regulate the quality of products, and it makes giving misleading price information a criminal offence. The trade Descriptions Act 1968 legislates that information provided by the manufacturer and retailer about products and services, must be accurate and must not be misleading. You should not make false or exaggerated claims about the benefits of a product or service to a consumer/client to do so is illegal.Products and services should be as described, be of satisfactory quality, and fit for purpose. The change of Goods Act 1979 and the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 protect consumers when they buy, hire and return inviolables. These Acts legislate that goods must be- Of good quality, as described, fit for purpose. The goods must also match any sample that a consumer is shown in-store. A consumer enters into a contract with a retailer when they purchase goods, and if those goods fail to meet the above standards then the consumer is authorise to a full refund o r can make a claim under these Acts.The Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 legislates to protect the consumer/client from the render of a poor service or against bad workmanship. Under this Act all services provided, for example a manicure, must be undertaken with reasonable care and skill and for a reasonable price and within a reasonable timescale. give-and-take Manicure. Possible links to suggest Paraffin Wax Treatment Mask Treatment Hot Oil Treatment Exfoliation Hand Scrub Forearm waxing French Polish Finish neaten with matching or contrastive nail seal off color Natural Nail oerlay Nail Enhancements Purchase of cuticle oilPurchase of nail strengthener Purchase of nail varnish and/or backseat and/or topcoat Treatment Pedicure. Possible links to suggest- Leg and/or Toe Wax Manicure with matching or contrasting nail varnish color Nail Art Purchase of heel repair cream Treatment Leg Wax. Possible links to suggest Pedicure Waxing on other areas such as bikini, underarm Sp ray Tanning Purchase of exfoliating scrub Purchase of leg & foot cream Treatment Facials. Possible links to suggest- Eyebrow shape Eyebrow tint Eyebrow wax Lash tint Lash extensions Make Up exercise or lesson Indian Head Massage Lip waxElectrolysis Purchase of eye cream Purchase of face creams/serums Purchase of make-up What is meant by the term body language? Body language is non-verbal communication such as smiling, nodding, appropriate posture and psycheal space, eye contact. Treatments you would promote for each season- Spring Mothers sidereal day Gift Vouchers . Get ready for Summer packages including Manicure & Pedicure, Facials, Waxing & Spray Tanning. Easter Nail Art with/without such as reflexology and Hopi ear candles. Exfoliation treatments such as micro determination, and body wrap treatments to shed your spend skin.Promotion of nail varnishes in spring change think of floral colors such as pink roses and jaundiced daffodils. Greens, lilacs and blues. Summer Pre- holiday packages that include Leg, Bikini and Underarm Waxing along with eyebrow wax and tint and a pedicure. Bridal Package that includes bridal make up (trial and application on day), relaxing massage of choice and manicure with French polish. Spray Tanning Promotion such as 1/2 price matching file and polish on hands with every summer pedicure. Special offer on combinations of waxing.Promote pastel shades of nail varnish and make up and and/face creams that contain UP protection. Autumn Target sun-damage repair with treatments such as facials, body wraps, exfoliation/micro determination. Spray tanning Keep your summer tan for longer promotion. Halloween Nail Art. Bonfire Night Nail Art. Manicure treatments to promote nail growth ready for the Christmas party season. Promote autumn colors in nail varnish and make-up oranges, reds, greens. Winter Gift Vouchers for Christmas Presents. Christmas Party Packages Manicures with Christmas nail art and Pedicures with Twinkle Toes.Body wraps and socials to keep skin hydrated during the cold winter months. Clients may not want wax treatments as regularly during winter due to covering up in warm clothes so a promotion of a buy one get one free/ half price wax treatment e. G. Have a leg wax and get a bikini wax free or half price so you maintain your regular customers over the winter. Or a half price leg wax with a spray tan treatment. Promote the darker color nail varnishes such as black and blues and purples along with smooth finishes and anything that sparkles for the party season.How could you learn about new products or services for the salon? You can learn about new services or products for the salon in a variety of ways. It is good practice to continually refresh and update your skills by attending regular training courses and refresher courses which will keep you up to date with new techniques and products. Other ways are- Subscribing to industry magazines and reading other literature for example from manufa cturers, will keep you up-to-date on new products and services on the market.Researching new and other services and products that via on-line research or via your wholesaler, other stores and manufacturers. Trialing the products yourself use new products at home for a time to see the benefits for yourself. Receive other and new treatments to experience the treatment for yourself. Attend manufacturers sessions aimed at educating you on their products. Attend trade shows. Information sharing by all technicians within the salon. Ask questions/ shadow to a greater extent experienced technicians. How will any new services benefit the salon?New services will benefit the salon by increasing the client base and therefore the salons income. Existing clients will enjoy trying new treatments which they may then kook in regularly for. New clients wishing for these particular services will be attracted to the salon, and then may become a regular for that treatment and other treatments the salon offers. New services will mean the salon remains competitive in confident that the technicians in the salon are trained regularly to be able to provide the new services.The more services a salon can offer, the more the ability to adapt a treatment to suit a particular client. New services may bring a new range of products that that salon can promote for retail, increasing sales and income. Technicians will come multi-skilled and more knowledgeable, gaining clients confidence and helping to keep clients loyal to the salon. New services mean new training for the technicians which will keep them interested and enthused in their work, creating a positive working environment where the technicians feel valued.What are the main factors that might influence clients to use your products or services? Good Advertising and a good image. Positive word-of-mouth from existing clients. Convenient location. Technicians that are pleasant, professional, knowledgeable, with good presentation and perso nal hygiene. A clean and tidy salon. Competitive prices, loyalty schemes and promotions. A good range of services and products offered, that can be confidently tailored to the clients individual needs. Professional range of products.Client feels valued and looked after and has confidence in the technicians knowledge and abilities. How would you cut in a new service to a nervous client? The hard sell draw close rarely works and could intimidate a nervous client. I would use clear verbal communication they can understand with no Jargon, together with encouraging body language and would be aware of the clients body language to demo if they are interested or not, seem happy/comfortable or not, and I would ensure I am giving them enough personal space.Building a good rapport with a nervous client and demonstrating knowledge and confidence will help the client feel confident that they can trust my advice. Promotion of a new service should be timed appropriately. I would answer any ques tions the client has and let them sample the products that would be used, along with clearly explaining the features and benefits of the service, the continuance of time the service will take, the cost and the process involved. If they seem unsure I would give them time to think it over and let them know they can call back anytime if they have any further queries.What factors must you take into account when selling a new service or product, especially if you cannot set the treatment yourself? When selling a new service or product you must ensure you are complying with consumer legislation, for example the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 and the Trade Descriptions Act 1968. You need to be well informed about the service and product in particular you need determine if it is suitable for the particular client. If it is a high maintenance retirement does the client have enough commitment and time to keep on top of it?You would need to know how long the treatment takes, what produ cts are used their features and benefits and how much the treatment or product costs. You need to be aware of your clients body language are they really interested in the sale or not? If you cannot perform the treatment yourself you will not be the best person to give the client advice as you may not be well informed about the treatment and the products used. The client may end up disappointed with the results which could lead to them making a complaint or not coming back to the salon.You could put the client at risk if you promoted a service or product you did not know enough about as it may be an inappropriate treatment for the client for example due to an allergy they may have. The client may sue for compensation and the salon may be held liable. You should find out what you need to know to answer a clients questions by asking a therapist who can perform the treatment and/or has received the product training. Or you could ask this therapist to speak to the client.If a client h ad reservations about a product or service I would clearly and simply explain the features and infinite, using terminology they will understand. I would explain why this service or product would be advantageous for them. I would let the client try a sample of the product and answer any questions they have, demonstrating its usage. There may be some literature such as a brochure about the product/service that the client could read. I would not put pressure on the client, but allow them to take their time to decide. They may want to go away and think about it.If it is a treatment they are unsure about I would talk them through it stride by step so they would know what to expect. The client may want to talk to a more experience therapist, or someone who has had the treatment/used the product. I would ask the clients questions to determine what they are unsure about. If they are concerned about the price of a product I would let them know how long it will last, or show them different s ize options. Giving appropriate and balanced information to clients is possible if you have good knowledge and experience with the treatments and products you use & sell.Keep up to date with training on existing and new products and services. Doing a thorough linen consultation, and asking the client questions for further information will mean you are best able to advise them on what is best for them, or alternatively what would NOT be ideal for them. Asking plenty of open questions which allows the client to give you more detailed answers will help you ascertain more about the client and their expectations. Noting the skin and nail type a client has will help you adapt any treatments for any particular problems they may have.You need to consider any financial restraints the client may have that might make a more high maintenance treatment unsuitable for them. They may or may not have the time or commitment needed to properly maintain some treatments, for example nail enhancements. Be honest with the client about their expectations if what they want cannot be achieved you must tell them, and offer alternatives. The hard sell approach rarely works and the client will not appreciated feeling they are being pushed into a sale. Encouraged, to ask questions as a client becomes meliorate about a product or service by asking questions that are answered confidently and with knowledge by the therapist. If a client is educated about their treatment and the products they arches they are more probably to be happy with the service and effects of the treatment, and will be more likely to return to the salon for regular treatments. They will get more out of their treatment by keeping up with good homemade advice and by using products correctly.They are less likely to use products incorrectly therefore will put themselves at less risk of contra-actions following a treatment or use of a product. If the therapist questions the client, they will be best able to determine wh at treatment or product would be most beneficial for them, and be able to adapt treatments specifically for their needs. Better homemade advice can be given and the client will find the benefits of the treatment last longer and will feel valued as a client, and will feel confident in the skills and knowledge of the therapist.A client who asks questions, and is questioned by the therapist , is less likely to have unachievable expectations, but kinda will know what benefits to realistically expect. Questioning the client gives you the opportunity to find out whether they have understood what you have said. Giving them time to ask you questions means they will not feel pressured, and you are more likely to build a rapport with the client. One question can lead to another, and you may get the opportunity to promote new services and products.Question 24, page 17 Ensure you have given the client all the necessary information about the product or treatment. They can still change their min d so stay positive with encouraging body language and verbal communication. Ask the client if they would like to book their appointment now for the treatment, but do allow them time to make the final decision so they dont feel pressured make sure they have your contact details if they prefer to call back at a later date to make the booking. If they are purchasing a product you can move the sale along by asking encouraging questions such as Which size would you like to take today? , or Would you like a bag for that? . Take payment from the client using the methods accepted by the salon Question 25, page 18 Some treatments are quite high maintenance, for example acrylic nail enhancements. A client having acrylic nail enhancements needs to be made aware of the maintenance needed and therefore time to be committed to regular appointments for infills and rebalanced. Once the client understands this they can aka an informed decision on whether the enhancements are the right treatment fo r them.If a client makes a booking for a new and/or luxury treatment they have not had before it is important they understand how long the treatment will take if they dont, they may end up running late for another appointment they have made which will spoil the treatment for them if they are feeling dysphoric about time. Clients also need to be made aware that it is important that they are not late for their treatment it is unfair for the client booked in after them to have to be made to wait, and it may prevent this. This will lead to disappointment for this client.If a product the client would like to purchase is shortly out of stock this could lead to disappointment but if they are clearly informed when it will be available, and that you will track the order for them and contact them as soon as it is back in stock you are more likely to keep them happy and keep them returning to the salon. Clear and effective communication with a client will prevent any misunderstandings and disappointment for the client. They may want to try a new treatment but it is only offered by a small number of therapists in the salon, meaning there is a longer dating list.Clients who are well informed are more likely to remain loyal to the salon. Theory Evidence Sheet 2 Question 1, page 19 Personal space is the area around a person that they perceive to be private, and if that area is intruded upon it makes them feel uncomfortable. The size of that area will be different to each individual and can be different depending on whom they are communicating with/close to e. G. Whether it is a friend or a stranger. Some people can feel very stressed and anxious when their personal space is invaded. They can feel threatened, upset or angry.Question 2, page 19 Feedback from clients on client care can be gained via the following methods- In person via verbal communication you or your Manager can ask your clients how they would rate the care they have received and whether any improvements could be made. Just be aware that a client could feel put on the spot when asked such questions in person and they may feel uncomfortable in giving an honest answer. Over the telephone this could be through with(p) by the clients own therapist, the Salon Manager or another employee given the task to take after clients opinions on care.They ay be more honest with their answers than if asked in person. You would need to ensure you have up to date telephone numbers for your clients and this could be a costly and time consuming way to do a critique. By post or e-mail using written communication. A short survey could be posted or e-mailed to clients. If done via post the clients answers could by anonymous therefore you may be more likely to get honest opinions. E-mail would be the cheaper option. The benefits of a written survey is that the client is less likely to feel pressured into completing it and can do it in their own time. You may though get a low response.Up to date client records would be essential to ensure you have up to date addresses and e-mail addresses. Via the Salons website clients could be encouraged to view the website and complete a short survey (anonymously if they wish). Clients may be more likely to complete a survey if they have an incentive such as a half price treatment or product. Any survey should be kept short and ask the most important questions first in case they do not get time to finish it. Feedback should show where you are doing well with client care and where there are areas of improvement needed. Training needs can be

Citation of Error Analysis Essay

html http//www. accentsasia. org/1-2/kato. pdf . G o o g l e html . Page 1 masses 1 proceeds 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 1 Citation Kato, A. (2006). Error analysis of mellowed direct scholarly person essays. Accents Asia Online, 1 (2), 1-13. Available http//www. accentsasia. org/1-2/kato. pdf Error Analysis of gritty School Student Essays Asako Kato Fudooka Seiwa High School IntroductionEver since the introduction of oral communication into the school curriculum in 1989, speaking has drawn attention as an central attainment for Japanese assimilators to master. A variety of speaking and listening practices obligate been experimented indoors high school position classes. Writing has also been included as an extensive practice. The 2003 revision of the Course of Study emphasizes report as a vehicle of communication to convey messages fit in to the purpose and the situation (MEXT, 2003).However, in umteen of the university entrance exam-oriented high schools, writing classes are modified into grammar-centered classes in other words, the students are accustomed to writing short reproves based upon the structures or the grammar points they are taught, and chances of writing effective essays are limited (Minegishi, 2005). It is true that grammar processing is needed for accurate business, nevertheless it is a ch solelyenge to teach how to write essays or yet paragraphs within the available classroom hours, with the exception perhaps of some foreign language elective courses in select high schools.Under these circumstances, the face Composition Division of the Saitama precedential High School face Education and Research Association hosts writing contests, for the purpose of encouraging students to test their English knowledge and to enhance their production skills in the form of writing. The contest consists of two sections a translation section and an essay writing Page 2 Volume 1 add up 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 2 sect ion. In the essay section the participants are given topics and expected to write their opinions in about 200 words. They bemuse 80 minutes to work on translation and essay writing.The translation blames are assigned according to level, but the essay topic is the same for all. The translation part is marked and graded by Japanese teachers the essays are evaluated by ALTs (Assistant Language Teachers) according to three criteria creativity, organization and grammar. The winners are chosen depending on the total points of the two sections. In this paper, I testament shed some light on the essays and analyze them with a view towards identifying problems students have, which will provide evidence of how English is learned and what strategies students are employing to construct their essays.The primal focus of this paper is on grammar in writing not creativity and organization, but some pedagogical evokeions for teaching and learning are also mentioned. Methods The data analyzed fo r this study are misapprehensions in students essays written in an essay competition held in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. In this contest, the participants were given the topic, If you were to pertain a celebrity, who would you like to meet? What would you like to ask him/her? What would you like to do with him/her? The shifts in the essays were categorized based on Ferris (2005) Analysis Model (Fig. 1). Her Common ESL writing errors fall into four categories morphological errors, lexical errors, syntactical errors, and automatic errors. This model is based upon the Description of the major error categories (Fig. 2), which covers verb errors, noun ending errors, article errors, word wrong, and sentence structure (p. 92). According to jam (1998), an error analysis model must be well-developed, highly elaborated, and self-explanatory (p. 95). Ferris model fulfills these needs.With this system it is easy to identify global and topical anesthetic anesthetic errors (Burt and Kipars ky, 1972, cited in James, 1998) which I added to Ferris model of major errors in Figure 1. Global errors are major errors in sentence structure, which makes a sentence difficult or impossible to understand, whereas local errors are minor mistakes, which do not cause problems of comprehension. In Ferris classification, syntactic errors are considered global errors. mechanized and lexical mistakes, on the other hand, are local errors. Morphological errors can be global errors, Page 3Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 3 but when they do not hinder readers understanding of the case they are local errors. Figure 1 Common ESL Writing Errors based on Ferris(2005) Model Morphological Errors global / local errors Verbs Tense, From, Subject-verb agreement Nouns Articles/determiners, Noun endings (plural/possessive) lexical Errors local errors Word choice, Word form, Informal usage, Idiom error, Pronoun error Syntactic Errors global errors Sentence structure, Run-ons, Fragments M echanical local errorsPunctuation, Spelling, Capitalization* * Capitalization is added in this study. Figure 2 Description of major error categories (Ferris, 2005) Verb errors All errors in verb tense or form, including relevant subject-verb agreement errors. Noun ending errors Plural or progressive ending incorrect, omitted, or unnecessary includes relevant subject-verb agreement errors Article errors Article or other determiner incorrect, omitted, or unnecessary Word wrong All specific lexical errors in word choice or word form, including preposition and pronoun errors.Spelling errors only included if the (apparent) misspelling resulted in an actual English word. Sentence structure Errors in sentence/clause boundaries(run-ons, fragments, comma splices), word enunciate, omitted words or phrases, unnecessary words or phrases other unidiomatic sentence construction. Participants The essays analyzed for this study were written by 148 high school students 46 original class students , 58 second year students, and 44 trio year students 48 males and 100 females. The participants high schools consisted of twenty eitherday schools and two private schools.Most of these Page 4 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 4 schools are considered academic high schools in that they prepare students for university exams, which performer the students tend to be highly motivated and are expected to be able to utilize their English grammar, structure knowledge and vocabulary in writing. part All errors were marked and classified. They were first classified into global errors or local errors. The verb-related errors were considered as verb errors, thitherfore, they were considered morphological errors.However, confusion in the use of transitive/intransitive verbs was considered a global syntactic error because it affects the social unit sentence structure. Also, tense errors were anticipated because the essay topic If you were to meet a celebrity? presumably requires the use of the conditional. As long as the errors did not interfere with the understanding of the sentence, they were put into tense errors, i. e. , morphological errors. It was sometimes difficult to draw the line in the midst of lexical errors and robotlike errors that is, whether the word is a wrong choice or simply a spelling mistake.If the word had a separate meaning but exists as a word, then it was treated as lexical error otherwise, it was marked as a mechanical error. However, if an inappropriate word choice disrupts the meaning in the whole sentence, it was considered a syntactic error. In short, the decision of error classification depends on each sentence. As for repeated mechanical errors in the same sentence, i. e. , spelling mistakes, punctuation, and capitalization, the quaternary mistakes were counted as one. Findings and Discussion First of all, not all errors were easily categorized some went beyond and across the categories.In each case, errors were carefully identified and classified according to the seriousness of the problem. If one major error included other minor errors, then together they were considered to be a major error. For example, a sentence *And, I ask to *go to abroad such as the UK, the US, *French, *Australlia and so on was categorized as one syntactic error because the misuse of verb and adverb (go to abroad) causes sentence diffusion, as yet though this sentence included one lexical error Page 5 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 5 (French) and one mechanical error (Australlia).Secondly, a danger with lists of common ESL/EFL errors, as Ferris (2005) herself points out, is that they may be over-generalized to all students. Of course, individual students have different language capabilities and learning traits for example, one student constantly omitted articles and another student confused tense of verbs all through her essay. Although the statistics give a general picture of the problems, these do not apply to every student. While keeping these considerations in mind, the statistics provide interesting information.The total number of errors was 1518 (596 in 46 first year essays, 491 in 58 second year essays, and 431 in 44 third year essay). The average number of errors per student was 13. 5 for the first year students, 11. 2 for the second year students, and 9. 8 for the third year students. Considering the short length of the essay, these were not small numbers, although the average number of errors decreased according to the students year in school. As a total, syntactic errors rule the rest at 29%, followed by lexical errors (21%), morphological errors in nouns and mechanical errors (18%), and morphological errors (14%).According to the school year, the most common errors observed in first year essays were lexical errors, which comprised 24% of the total, while syntactic errors comprised most errors in second and third year essays, which amounted to 35. 2% and 31. 1% respectively. Among the first years lexical errors, word choice was the most common mistake (93 in total). As for second year and third year samples, as many as 158 and 121 errors were make respectively in sentence structure. These findings indicate that first year students did not have sufficient vocabulary while the second and third year students did not use it adequately.Page 6 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 6 Table 1. Common EFL Writing Errors in Japanese High School Students Essays component of tally Errors Marked (%) Error Type 1st year 2nd year 3rd year Average Morphological Errors Lexical Errors Syntactic Errors Mechanical (Verbs) Tense Form Subject-verb agreement Total Verb Errors (Nouns) Articles/determiners Noun endings Total Noun Errors Word choice Word form Informal usage Idiom error Pronoun error Total Lexical Errors Sentence structure Run-ons Fragments Total Syntactic Errors Punctuation Spelling CapitalizationTotal Mechanical Errors 5. 87 5. 87 0. 67 12. 4 10. 6 8. 22 18. 8 15. 6 1. 51 1. 01 3. 19 2. 68 24. 0 15. 3 1. 34 3. 19 19. 8 5. 7 14. 4 4. 87 25. 0 8. 96 1. 22 2. 65 12. 8 11. 0 5. 91 16. 9 13. 6 4. 07 0. 61 1. 02 3. 87 23. 2 32. 2 0. 61 2. 44 35. 2 1. 43 6. 11 4. 28 11. 8 11. 1 2. 09 4. 64 17. 9 9. 98 8. 12 18. 1 9. 51 3. 25 0. 23 1. 16 2. 55 16. 7 28. 1 1. 86 1. 16 31. 1 1. 86 11. 4 3. 02 16. 2 8. 66 3. 06 2. 65 14. 4 10. 5 7. 42 17. 9 12. 9 2. 94 0. 62 1. 79 3. 04 21. 3 25. 2 1. 27 2. 26 28. 7 3. 0 10. 6 4. 05 17. 7 Percentage of Total Errors Marked 14% 18% 21% 29% 18%Morphological Error Verbs Morphological Error Nouns Lexical Error Syntactic Error Mechanical Error Percentage of Errors by class 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1 2 3 Year Mechanical Error Syntactic Error Lexical Error Morphological Error Nouns Morphological Error Verbs Page 7 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 7 The syntactic errors, the most overabundant errors, were mainly related to verbs, for example, the misuse of be-verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, auxi liary verbs, no verb use, the word order in in flat questions, and tense confusion in similitude to the conditional.From an English educators point of view, it was rather disappointing that many students made errors in the use of basic verbs such as go, necessitate and listen, such as in *I want to go my future, *I want become a doctor, and *I want to listen the story. In the case of errors in conditional sentences, on the other hand, the structure was usually grammatically correct, but the meaning was irrational. For example, if a author mentioned a celebrity such as a historical man/woman, movie actor, singer, athlete or an imaginary character, s/he had to make the sentence conditional.However, some used simple present tense. One of these examples is, *If I ride Doraemons time machine, I can go everywhere. This type of error was put into verb tense errors under morphological errors. As an explanation of Japanese students use of conditional, Thompson (2001) asserts that even whe n students have mastered the mechanics of forming unreal conditionals and wishes in all their complexity, the problem of concept remains. Additionally, it is difficult for Japanese students to use conditionals correctly, for there is a disparity in the use of conditionals in English and Japanese.Another characteristic in the syntactic errors stemed from interference from Japanese, their mother tongue (L1 interference). L1 interference is considered a major obstacle to second and foreign language acquisition (Ellis, 2003 Ferris, 2005 Lightbrown & Spada, 2002 Littlewood, 2002. Some examples from students essays are as follows (a)* He challenged. ( ) (b)* They hit all over the world since 1984. ( 1984 ) In these sentences, the writers used English equivalents for the Japanese words, i. e. , (a) chousen-suru=challenge, and (b) itto-suru=hit. Incidentally, the verbs challenge and hit are transitive verbs, which means these sentences are grammatically incorrect therefore, they were cla ssified as syntactic errors. Other syntactic errors from L1 interference are observed in Page 8 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 8 relation to the choice of prepositions. The examples are (c) *I will join to childrens network of UNICEF. ( ) (d) *I want to marry with him. ( ) The writers translated the Japanese prepositional particle ? ni into to in example (c) and ? to into with in example (d). This type of error is common among Japanese students because transitive verbs include prepositions in their Japanese meanings therefore it is thorny to distinguish whether a verb is transitive or prepositional from the translated meanings. The second dominant error category was that of lexical errors, especially in first year student essays. Here again L1 interference was observed in word choices. (e) *I think his baseball soul is the life-sizegest of all. ( ) (f) *I want to hear Murasaki Shikibu three questions. 3 ) In (e), soul and big do not match with each other in this cont ext. The writer meant to say, I think he has the strongest spirit in baseball. In Japanese soul and spirit are given the same translation as ? ( )tamashii. Besides, neither soul nor spirit can be big but rather strong. In (f), the verb hear is derived from the Japanese word ( ) kiku, which can also mean listen or ask in Japanese. These students seemed to have picked up words without thinking about content and collocation.Presumably, in English class, there is a tendency for students not to consult dictionaries for language usage but to look up word meaning only, then memorize the main translation of the word, and use this translation regardless of context. The third and fourth prominent error categories were noun related morphological errors and mechanical errors, especially spelling mistakes. In noun errors, article errors outnumbered the rest, accounting for as much as 10% of the total. The problem with articles stems from the fact that the Japanese language has no concept of a rticles and the countable and uncountable distinction.It is natural that Japanese students have difficulty in using them correctly. In addition, articles are introduced near the end in many of grammar textbooks, which in a sense is parallel to the language Page 9 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 9 acquisition order described by Littlewood (2002) of a study of children acquiring morphemes in their native language. Plurals and articles have always been, and will continue to be difficult to teach to Japanese students, which is why some teachers wait until the end of school year to introduce them in class.Spelling mistakes, sorted as mechanical errors, comprised 10% of the total number of errors. This was partly because many students applied Japanese (katakana) pronunciation to English spellings. For example, writers who spelled *performence (performance), *calacter (character), and *confort (comfort) did not seem to spell according to his/her understanding of the pronunciat ion, but from how the words sound through the puree of katakana. Lastly the problem of organization as well as the use of sexual unions needs to be mentioned.Sentences starting with because were categorized as fragments which belonged to syntactic errors, whereas sentences starting with and and so were not treated as errors. And and so are taught as conjunctions that connect two phrases that carry equal weight in the sentence, whereas because is taught as a conjunction followed by a subordinate clause. However, the fact is that as many as 75 ands and 89 sos were observed at the first of the students sentences. James (1998) states that learners tend to overuse connectors to support logical relationships between propositions that just do not exist.It is probable that few students have learned how to organize English writing that is, they do not know they should start with an introduction, followed by a main body, and then a conclusion, paying attention to the consistency of their t houghts. Those who were not known with English writing ended up listing items in order who they wanted to meet, what they would like to do, and where they would like to go. Without cohesive devices such as paraphrasing and rephrasing, or markers that direct the logical flow of sentences, the writers could not communicate their ideas effectively.Conclusion How, then, can teachers empower students to become better writers? Obviously the class time allotted for writing is limited, yet there are things teachers can do in order to improve students Page 10 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 10 writing in other English classes. Judging from the fact that sentence fragments outnumbered other errors in this study, teachers need to draw students attention to the whole sentence structure and sentence compounding when discussing verbs and other grammar points in class.The confusion between transitive/intransitive verbs and prepositional verbs can be pointed out in reading class, brin ging awareness to the differences between English and Japanese. When students come up with a new verb, or even a familiar one, they should be aware of the conceptual gap between English and Japanese. One good example of a split between Japanese and English is the word (to see). There are many more English verbs for miru. In Japanaese miru is used when you perceive with your eyes, when you watch, look, view, overlook or investigate when you take care of somebody like children or sick people, as in kodomo wo miru.You can even say miru when you try something, like mitemiru or yattemiru, literally try to see and try to do respectively. Therefore, it is confusing for students to select the suitable equivalent of miru in English. They have to think about the context. Kowalski (2005) gives usages of in Figure 4 Figure 4 Different kinds of meanings associated with see (something that falls within your field of vision) look (intentionally at a stationary object) watch (something moving) Also, the gap between English and Japanese applies not only at sentential level but also to the lexical level.As I mentioned earlier, L1 interference affects both sentence structure and word choice. Underlying knowledge of usage and collocation enables students to choose the right words in right the places in their writing. Because of the avalanche of Japanese-English in the media, however, it has become even more difficult to eliminate these Japanglish words from students vocabulary. Teachers and learners should pay special attention not reinforce these words and phrases in the English language classroom. Page 11 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 11Good writing, however, does not rely only on grammatical and lexical trueness but also on the creativity in context and the logical flow of sentences. In order to write coherent, well-structured paragraphs and essays, the writers have to be creative and concentre on the content as well. First, teachers can help students raise their awareness of how to organize English writing, and how units of sentences and paragraphs are connected with one another to form substantive text. By recognizing the importance of coherency in their writing, the students can dedicate themselves to the ideas or message that they are trying to convey.I employ process writing for the improvement of this skill. In contrast to translation or guided composition, process writing emphasizes the processes such as planning, drafting, and reviewing (Johnson & Johnson, 1998 cited in Furneaux, 2000). In this contest, only a few participants seemed to employ this approach, perhaps because of the time constraints of the competition. By reflecting on their writing process, students will internalize their grammatical and lexical knowledge and utilize it for production.Another effective approach to improve writing skill is to work on other language skills. All four skills are interconnected. Even though writing classes are not consistently avai lable in school curriculums, compared to reading and oral communication classes, students can cultivate their writing skills by consciously reading or listening. Krashen and Terrell (1983) claim that speech and writing production emerges by focusing on listening and reading. Extensive reading outside of the class, for instance, will become a rich source for extensive writing.Exposure to authentic writing will help students expand their vocabulary and write well-organized, reasonably cohesive essays. In conclusion, I believe that Japanese students can become competent writers of English with the appropriate support from teachers. Quoting Kramsch (1993) Teachers have to impart a body of knowledge, but learners have to discover that knowledge for themselves in order to internalize it (p. 6). I suggest that teachers integrate the grammar focus while encouraging creativity and teaching organizational form. learners, on the other hand, can enrich their knowledge of language by winning ev ery opportunity to use it, developing learning strategies outside of the class, and reflecting on the writing process before, during and after they write. Page 12 Volume 1 Number 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 12 References Ellis, R. (2003). Second language acquisition. (8 th ed. ). Oxford Oxford University Press. Ferris, D. R. (2005). Treatment of error in second language writing. Ann Arbor The University of Michigan Press. Furneaux, C. (2000). Process writing.The University of Reading school of linguistics and applied language studies. Retrieved September 29, 2005, from http//www. rgd. ac. uk/AcaDeps/cl/slas/process. htm James, C. (1998). Errors in language learning and use Exploring error analysis. Essex Pearson Education Limited. Kowalski, C. (2005). Translation in the writing class friend or foe? In K. Bradford-Watts, C. Ikeguchi, & M. Swanson (Eds. ). JALT2004 Conference Proceedings. Tokyo JALT Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language teaching. New York Oxford Universi ty Press. Krashen, S. D. Terrell, T. (1983). The natural approach Language acquisition in the classroom. San FranciscoThe Alemany Press. Lightbrown, P. M. & Spada, N. (2002). How languages are learned. (2 nd. ed). Oxford Oxford University Press. Littlewood, W. (2002). Foreign and second language learning. (17 th ed. ). Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Minegishi, H. (2005, March). The questionnaire result. Saitama high school English education bulletin, 41. 49-59. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. The course of study for foreign languages. 2003, March). Retrieved November 20, 2005, from http//www. mext. go. jp/english/shotou/030301. htm Sonoda, N. (2005). A comparative study of two approaches to English writing translation and process writing. In K. Bradford-Watts, C. Ikeguchi, & M. Swanson (Eds. ). JALT2004 Conference Proceedings. Tokyo JALT Thompson, I. (2001). Japanese speakers. In M. Swan & B. Smith (Eds), Learner English A Page 13 Volume 1 Num ber 2 October 2006 Accents Asia 13 teachers guide to interference and other problems. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.